Scholarly Communications A System in Crisis Lee C. Van Orsdel, Dean of University Libraries, Grand Valley State University

Eventually, Steve looked up. His mother was nowhere in sight and this was certainly no longer the toy department. Gary Larson Eventually, Steve looked up. His mother was nowhere in sight and this was certainly no longer the toy department. Gary Larson

The Scholarly Communications System evolved over centuries to evaluate/certify The Scholarly Communications System evolved over centuries to evaluate/certify register disseminate create access tools archive register disseminate create access tools archive the intellectual outputs of scholars

evaluate/certify register archive scholars secondary publishers libraries create access tools disseminate scholarly societies & commercial publishers

evaluate/certify register archive create access tools disseminate scholars scholarly societies publishers libraries scholars scholarly societies publishers libraries

Net Paradox # million articles given to publishers each year for free Institutions supplying the articles cannot afford to buy them back

Net Paradox # 2 Web removed barriers (by providing global, accessible, reliable, affordable network) More barriers appeared (copyright extensions, license restrictions, loss of fair use doctrine for online content, prohibitive costs)

Net Paradox # 3 Cost of added distribution on internet near zero Little or no drop in cost of online only

State of scholarly communications: Knowledge output is increasing Access is decreasing Market is unsustainable economically library budgets are tapped out publisher sales are flattening sales growth coming from mergers Disruption is clearest in scientific disciplines Disruption has spread to journals in all disciplines and to monographs Knowledge output is increasing Access is decreasing Market is unsustainable economically library budgets are tapped out publisher sales are flattening sales growth coming from mergers Disruption is clearest in scientific disciplines Disruption has spread to journals in all disciplines and to monographs Status quo not possible Economic shifts unavoidable Internet yet to be exploited

Change the Market Change the Academy Change Public Policy

peer-reviewed articles per year 24,000 peer-reviewed journals 750K to 1.2M The Market

earned by top 6: $ 16.1 Billion revenues in 2006 $ 5.8 Billion (36%) Elsevier, Kluwer Health, Springer, American Chemical Society, John Wiley, and Blackwell (merged with Wiley in 2007)

SteelmakersAuto manufacturersConsumers Steel $ $ Cars $ $ AuthorsReaders JournalsArticles Publishers $ $ $ $ A peculiar market

dollars citations 9% 91% 62% 38% A peculiar market

Peculiar Market: Exhibit A

CPI up 57% Average serial price up 227% Average book price up 65%

Change the Market Challenge pricing power of publishers Competition (SPARC) Cancellations Consortia purchases Regulation Competition (SPARC) Cancellations Consortia purchases Regulation Raise prices Bundle journals Multi-yr contracts Buy up other publishers Raise prices Bundle journals Multi-yr contracts Buy up other publishers

The open movement Open source Open data Open science Open education Open source Open data Open science Open education Open Access

Online Permanent Free to all readers Free of most use restrictions with proper attribution Online Permanent Free to all readers Free of most use restrictions with proper attribution

Open Access journals OA archiving OA publishing

AuthorsFree to Readers JournalsArticles Publishers Grant/Research Foundation funding Subsidy: Author/Institution pays Subscription to non-research content Advertising Open Access business models

Change the Market Prove that OA business models are financially viable Experiment with hybrid OA business models

Full OA journals

are peer-reviewed Open Access journals Full OA by the Numbers 24,000 peer-reviewed journals 3,309

Hybrid OA journals

Hybrid OA by the Numbers Every major publisher offers a hybrid OA option to its authors 19 scholarly societies publish 74 hybrid OA journals

New Models of Publishing

Elseviers OA experiment

Change the Market Change the Academy Change Public Policy

Change the Academy

From Alma Swan The Culture of Open Access: researchers views and responses Financial reward Communicate results to peers Advance career Personal prestige Gain funding Why scholars publish

(Data: Brody & Harnad 2004; Hajjem et al. 2005) Open Access increases citations % increase in citations with Open Access

Open Access journals OA archiving OA publishing

Self-archiving 62% of publishers allow it

Self-archiving by the Numbers 1,000+ Institutional Repositories worldwide 12+ million records indexed by Google Scholar

Self-archiving mandates

Harvard Faculty Mandate February 2008

Harvard A&S faculty require each other to reserve some copyrights expect to deposit manuscript in Harvards institutional repository upon publication of article intend to publish to the worldfor free require each other to reserve some copyrights expect to deposit manuscript in Harvards institutional repository upon publication of article intend to publish to the worldfor free

people.seas.harvard.edu/~nansun/

Copyrights We give publishers more rights than they need Then we cant use and re-purpose our own works without permission And we may not be allowed to use in classrooms, or post in institutional/disciplinary repository, or re-use portions in other works And we may not be allowed to use in classrooms, or post in institutional/disciplinary repository, or re-use portions in other works

Author Addendum: a way to compromise

Scholarly Societies & Their Publications Disseminate? Create income?

Change the Academy The Dilemma of the American Anthropological Society

The Society Advantage Costs non-profit publisher to publish an article $ 3,400 $ 730 Costs commercial publisher to publish an article Roger Clarke, The Cost profiles of alternative approaches to journal publishing, First Monday, 3 December 2007

Scholarly Societies 427* 496 Scholarly Societies publish peer-reviewed full Open Access journals * 83% charge NO author fees at all

Tighten embargos Sow disinformation Manage copyrights Self-archive Support new publishing models Hold scholarly societies accountable Reform faculty rewards system Shun price-gouging publishers Manage copyrights Self-archive Support new publishing models Hold scholarly societies accountable Reform faculty rewards system Shun price-gouging publishers Hold fast to IP rights & to authors/editors Change the Academy Court society journals Court society journals

Change the Market Change the Academy Change Public Policy

The Principle: Open Access to publicly-funded research The Principle: Open Access to publicly-funded research A worldwide movement Supported by patient advocacy groups, libraries, research funding agencies, legislators, universities

Movements poster child: the NIH $ 28 Billion research grants each year peer-reviewed articles each year 80,000

NIH Mandate Article from NIH funding? Accepted by peer-reviewed journal? Manuscript must be deposited immediately upon publication in PubMed Central Manuscript to become OA within 12 months Article from NIH funding? Accepted by peer-reviewed journal? Manuscript must be deposited immediately upon publication in PubMed Central Manuscript to become OA within 12 months

NIH Mandate We, the taxpayers, just gained free access to about 80,000 health-related journal articles a year, and no more than 12 months after publication

Change Public Policy Lobby vs. OA for publicly- funded research Granting agencies funding OA, some with direct payments to publishers NIH Research Councils UK FRPAA EU Research Council OA Mandates:

Change Public Policy Resistance to Change What Were They Thinking? The PRISM Debacle What Were They Thinking? The PRISM Debacle

Change the market Change the academy Change public policy

Scholarly Communications A System in Flux Peer review as confidential, linear, and fixed process Peer review as community, circular and ongoing process

Scholarly Communications A System in Crisis Stockholder-driven economics Stakeholder-driven economics

Scholarly Communications A System in Crisis Pay to view Pay to publish

Scholarly Communications A System in Flux Library (University) subsidizing publisher profits Library (University) subsidizing costs of publishing

Scholarly Communications A System in Flux Journals online mimic print journals Journals online exploiting web 2.0 applications

Scholarly Communications A System in Flux Changes in system driven by economic necessity Changes in system driven by change in scholarly practice & public expectations

Roles for Librarians: Encourage faculty activism Facilitate faculty compliance with self-archiving mandates Create institutional repository Support OA publishing models Consider publishing OA journal with interested faculty Encourage faculty activism Facilitate faculty compliance with self-archiving mandates Create institutional repository Support OA publishing models Consider publishing OA journal with interested faculty

Roles for Faculty : Manage copyrights Self-archive Resist gouging publishers Explore new publication models/partnerships Hold scholarly societies accountable to mission Support OA policies for publicly-funded research Manage copyrights Self-archive Resist gouging publishers Explore new publication models/partnerships Hold scholarly societies accountable to mission Support OA policies for publicly-funded research

Lee C. Van Orsdel, Dean of University Libraries, Grand Valley State University Questions? Comments? Scholarly Communications A System in Crisis

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