The Immune System Are you “immune” to any diseases? Make a list!

Hepatitis B1 HepB Rotavirus2 RV RV RV2 Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis3 DTaP DTaP DTaP see footnote3 Haemophilus influenzae type b4 Hib Hib Hib4 Pneumococcal5 PCV PCV PCV Inactivated Poliovirus6 IPV IPV Influenza7 Measles, Mumps, Rubella8 see footnote 8 Varicella9 see footnote 9 Hepatitis A10 Meningococcal11

What is Immunity? A series of defenses that involve non-specific and specific attacks on disease causing agents (pathogen) Pathogen – any disease causing microorganism / microbe (bacteria or virus) *Pathogens are Pathetic!!!! Antigens – proteins on the surface of pathogens which trigger an immune response

How does one develop “immunity”? By building up antibodies against certain diseases…HOW??? ACTIVE IMMUNITY!!! A. Artificially Acquired/ Vaccinations: small amount of a dead or weakened pathogen (usually the antigen) is administered into the bloodstream.

This antigen will stimulate the blood cells to create B-Cells & antibodies to prepare for future invasions by only that same microbe! Bcells

B. Naturally Acquired Immunity / Surviving the Disease IF you become infected with the actual disease (common cold, chicken pox, etc) your body will develop its own antibodies and memory cells to protect you the second time

2) Passive Immunity – Antibodies are obtained from another source, not produced in the individual’s body! A. conveyed to a fetus by its mother during pregnancy or breastfeeding B. injected blood serum to provide temporary antibodies (Tetanus, botulism, Hepatitis, Ebola, rabies)

Specific Defenses Involve various types of white blood cells that do different jobs… Identifying foreign antigens Producing antibodies Engulfing and destroying foreign bodies using endocytosis Directing /alerting other white blood cells to increase production

Engulfing bacterium

Antibodies Proteins produced by WBC’s in response to the presence of a foreign antigen SPECIFIC!!! – certain antibodies only recognize certain antigens!! Once an antibody has been created for a certain antigen, these antibodies remain in the blood for a long period of time & it takes less time for the body to respond to the same foreign invader if exposed a second time (ex. You usually only get the chicken pox once!)

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Malfunctions and Disorders of the Immune System

1. Allergic Reactions A hypersensitive response to substances (allergens) that are not normally harmful Pollen Plant spores Peanuts Cat/dog hair or dander Antibodies which are released which cause histamine to be produced (causes itching, swelling, rash)

2. Rejection of Organ Transplant Recipient’s body produces antibodies in response to antigens present in the donor’s tissues Immunosuppressant drugs are usually given to prevent the recipient from rejecting the organ Face Transplant

3. HIV / AIDS Caused by the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (a Retrovirus) Reverse Transcriptase Video Attacks CD4 T-Cells which direct the actions of the immune system Prevents infected person from fighting other diseasesHIV/AIDS vaccine ? Reproduces rapidly, undergoing many mutations! (hard to target with drugs)

Transport Exam Circulation Blood (WBC, RBC, Platelets, Plasma – jobs of each, size) Vessels (Veins, Capillaries & Arteries) Heart (Structure and flow of blood) Disorders of circulatory sys. (Similarities and differences) Immunity First line of defense (skin, mucus) vs. Specific defenses (jobs of WBCs) Passive Versus Active Immunity Vaccines (what they are made of, how they work) Malfunctions of Immune System (HIV, etc) Transport in Plant Vascular tissue, roots, stems, xylem, phloem