1. Immune System

2. Immune System
A body system to fight off foreign invaders….

3. Immune System
Star Wars- Immune System

4. Immune System
Disease - A failure of homeostasis

5. Pathogens Disease-causing organisms Enter the body: Respiratory System
Digestive System
Urinary System
Breaks in the Skin

6. First Line of Defense Physical Barriers Chemical Barriers
skin, membranes
Chemical Barriers
sweat, tears, saliva, mucus, stomach acid, urine

7. Second Line of Defense Inflammatory Response: Histamine
Reaction that causes swelling, redness, warmth and pain in an area of infection
Chemicals are released which increase body temperature (fever)

8. Second Line of Defense
Phagocytes are attracted to the area and engulf bacteria
phagocytosis animation

9. Increased Temperature
Slows growth of pathogen
increases rate of chemical reactions
increases heart rate so WBCs get to site of infection faster
inflammatory response animation

10. Third Line of Defense: The Immune System
Lymphocytes ( WBCs)
(B cells, Helper T cells, Killer T cells)
lymphocyte animation

11. IMMUNITY
The ability of the body to fight infection through the protection of antibodies and cells that inactivate foreign substances.

12. Fig. 43-1
Fig 43.1 How do immune cells of animals recognize foreign cells?
For the Cell Biology Video Leukocyte Adhesion and Rolling, go to Animation and Video Files.
1.5 µm

13. BASIS OF IMMUNITY
The ability of the body to distinguish between its own substances “SELF” and foreign substances “NON-SELF”

14. BASIS OF IMMUNITY
Barriers help an animal to defend itself from the many dangerous pathogens it may encounter
The immune system recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins
Two major kinds of defenses are involved:
Innate immunity and Acquired immunity

15. BASIS OF IMMUNITY Innate immunity
is present before any exposure to pathogens and is effective from the time of birth
It involves Nonspecific responses to pathogens
ex: Phagocytes ( WBC’s) first attacking a pathogen

16. BASIS OF IMMUNITY Acquired immunity
develops after exposure to agents such as microbes or other foreign substances
It involves a very Specific response to pathogens
Ex: T-Cells, B-Cells, Memory B-Cells and Antibodies

17. Important Terms to Know

18. Important Terms to Know
ANTIGEN
A substance that causes an immune response.
made of proteins. (Very Specific)
EVERY organism have specific antigens that line the Surface of their Cells.
Every Organism has unique antigens

19. Important Terms to Know
ANTIBODIES (Y shaped)
Are proteins that are produced
by the help of white blood cells.
Antibodies bind to antigens and help destroy foreign substances in the body.

20. Important Terms to Know
Antigen-Antibody Complex.
A particular antibody reacts with a specific antigen

21. Antibodies, Antigen and Antigen-Antibody Complex
Fig
Antibodies, Antigen and
Antigen-Antibody Complex
Antigen-
binding
sites
Epitopes
(antigenic
determinants)
Antigen-binding sites
Antibody A
Antigen V V
Antibody C V V C C C C
Figure Epitopes (antigenic determinants)
Antibody B

22. ANTIBODIES

23. Important Terms to Know
Lymphocytes
White blood cells - found most often in the lymphatic system
Originate from stem cells in the bone marrow

24. Lymphocytes
Lymphocytes that mature in the Thymus above the heart are called T cells, and those that mature in Bone Marrow are called B cells
Bone marrow
Thymus
Via blood
Immature lymphocytes
B cell
T-cell

25. B-Cells
B-Cells are produced during an Immune Response to produce Antibodies
Some are stored as Memory Cells for future exposures.

26. B-Cell Making Antibodies

27. T-Cells
T-Helper Cells help activate the B-cell by producing special proteins
T-Cytotoxic ( Killer ) Cell attack the invading pathogen or “nonself” Antigen

28. Cell-mediated immunity (attack on infected cells) Cytotoxic T cell
T-cell receptor
Cell division
Activates other T cells and B cells
Activated helper T cell
Self-nonself complex
Humoral immunity (secretion of antibodies)
B cell
Figure 24.13

29. T-Cells
T- Killer Cells :

30. T-Cells
T-Helper Cells – Activate T-Killer Cells and Memory Cells

31. Organ Transplants
What do you think might happen after a Liver or Heart Transplant?
Rejection
Why?
Antigens don’t match
See as NonSelf
How can doctors help minimize the bad effects?
Immunosuppressant Drugs

32. Organ Transplants
Describe a problems with Immunosuppressant Drugs

33. Organ Transplants
Describe a problems with Immunosuppressant Drugs Risk of infections

34. TWO WAYS IMMUNITY CAN BE ACQUIRED :
ACTIVE IMMUNITY: Antibodies are
made by one’s own body and are long
lasting.
A Persons Body actively makes the antibodies

35. TWO WAYS IMMUNITY CAN BE ACQUIRED :
PASSIVE IMMUNITY: Antibodies are obtained from the blood of another person or animal, but only provides temporary immunity. ( 1 Month )

36. PASSIVE IMMUNITY – Two Ways
Maternal Immunity:
Antibodies from mother enter baby’s blood before birth.
Antibodies are present in mother’s breast milk.

37. PASSIVE IMMUNITY (TWO WAYS)
From other animals or people:
The antibodies from animals or people are collected and used to treat disease.
Ex. Anti-serum

38. ACTIVE IMMUNITY - Two Ways
Can develop as a result of having a disease.
Memory cells remain in the body ready to produce antibodies if the pathogen invades the body again.

39. ACTIVE IMMUNITY - Two Ways
Develops as a result of getting a Vaccine.
A vaccine is made up of weakened or killed micro-organisms to stimulate the body to make antibodies used to fight future invasions by the same microorganism.

40. VACCINES

41. Edward Jenner (1796)
noticed that people who worked with cows rarely contracted smallpox
infected an 8 year old boy with cowpox, a mild disease related to smallpox

42. Edward Jenner (1796)
when the boy recovered, Jenner infected him with smallpox, but he did not get sick
first vaccine
(“vacca” is Latin for cow)

44. HOW DOES A VACCINE WORK?
1st:Micro-organism (bacteria, virus) is weakened or killed.
(NOT A SMALL AMOUNT)
2nd:Vaccine is injected.
3rd: Antibodies are produced by WBC’s and some stay as Memory B cells. ( 2 weeks )

45. HOW DOES A VACCINE WORK? Then if……..
4th: The Same Microbe invades body.
5th: Antibodies / Memory Cells in body destroy the microbes.

46. Disorders of the Immune System

47. Allergies

48. ALLERGIES
Occur when the body responds to everyday substances as antigens & produce antibodies.
Ex. dust, pollen, mold, peanuts, animal hair
This causes inflammation and the release of a chemical called histamine.
Histamine causes - red, itchy, watery eyes/nose, itchy throat, rash, and headaches
Anti-Histamines- are drugs that counter act the effects of the histamines. ( ex. Benadryl)

49. Allergic Response IgE Histamine Allergen Granule Mast cell Fig. 43-23
Figure Mast cells, IgE, and the allergic response
Mast cell

50. HIV

51. AIDS Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
AIDS is caused by the HIV virus
(Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
HIV invades white blood cells (T-Cells)
and transforms the T-Cell DNA with its RNA
Gradually HIV kills T-Cells and weakens a persons immune response.
People die of illnesses brought on by a weak immune system.

52. The spread of HIV is a worldwide problem
The best approach for slowing this spread is education about practices that transmit the virus
There are Anti-Viral Medications that now help slow the advancement of the disease

53. Autoimmune Diseases
In individuals with autoimmune diseases, the immune system loses tolerance for self and turns against certain molecules or parts of the body

54. Autoimmune diseases
Juvenile diabetes- antibodies destroy the cells of the pancreas that produce insulin
Lupus- multiple antibodies affect different parts of the body
Rheumatoid Arthritis- inflammation and crippling of the joints
Multiple Sclerosis - antibodies attack the myelin sheath of nerve cells

55. Fig
Lupus
Figure X-ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis

56. Rheumatoid Arthritis Fig. 43-24
Figure X-ray of a hand deformed by rheumatoid arthritis

57. Cancer
T cells search the body and destroy cancer cells in healthy people
suppression of the immune system can result in cancer

58. Human Blood Groups Blood type O – no antigens present on RBC
Four types of human blood:
Blood type O – no antigens present on RBC
Blood type A – Type A antigens present on RBC
Blood type B – Type B antigens present on RBC
Blood type AB – Type A & B antigens present on RBC
When wrong blood types are mixed in a transfusion, RBC clump together and clog blood vessels

59. Rh Factor Another subgroup of blood types is the Rh group
85% population Rh Positive
Can cause problems with childbirth

60. BLOOD TYPING

61. Blood Typing Game
Get Ready to Play - Who Wants to be The Doctor???????

62. ABO Blood Groups Blood Type Antigens on RBCs Antibodies in plasma A B

63. ABO Blood Groups Blood Type Antigens on RBCs Antibodies in plasma A B
A and B
none O

64. Matching ABO Blood Types for Transfusions
Recipient
Donor A B AB O

65. Matching ABO Blood Types for Transfusions
Recipient
Donor A
A, O B
B, O AB
A, B, AB, O (universal recipient) O
O (universal donor)

66. For A Safe Blood Transfusion…
Recipient’s blood can NOT contain antibodies for donor’s blood.
Universal Recipients = Blood type AB
Universal Donors = Blood type O

67. GIVE BLOOD