Chapter 12 section 3

Imperialism a policy of extending a country's power and influence through diplomacy or military force Causes of Imperialism were the desire for economic gain and a belief that a country's values were superior and the desire to spread religion while the effects of Imperialism were increases in infrastructure in the countries being explored and a loss of identity for their citizens

The great rebellion During the 18th Century, British power in India had increased while the power of the Moguls declined Britain gave the British East India Company power to become actively involved in India political and military affairs Had their own soldiers and forts, and hired Indian soldiers, known as Sepoys

Events leading to The Great Rebellion  1857- growing Indian distrust of the British led to a revolt – Britain called it the Sepoy Mutiny Indians called it the First War of Independence, and regular people called it the Great Rebellion The revolt was caused because the British told the Muslim and Indian soldiers that the cartridges were filled with greased cow and pig fat. These two things were very Holy to the soldiers and it led to tensions rising and ultimately the revolt. After a year however, British troops and Indian troops loyal to Britain crushed the rebellion Atrocities were terrible on both sides and the Indians killed many harmless civilians

British Colonial rule Viceroy – British official that rules as a representive of a monarch British civil service staff assisted the viceroy 300 million people rule by 3,500 people British rule involved benefits and cost for Indians Benefits – order and stability to a society badly divided into many states with different and opposing political standpoints British historian and administrator Lord Thomas Macaulay set a new school system. Used the English language -trained Indian children to serve in government and army -for elite and upper class Indians only, leaving 90% of the uneducated and illiterate

British colonial rule continued Used Indians for labor such as railroads, canals, universities, and medical centers British entrepreneurs and a small number of Indians reaped financial benefits from British rule, but it brought hardship to millions of others in both the cities and the countryside. British manufactured goods destroyed local industries. British textiles put thousands of women out of work and severely damaged the Indian textile industry. The British believed that using these local officials would make it easier to collect taxes from the peasants zamindars in India took advantage of their new authority. They increased taxes and forced the less fortunate peasants to become tenants or lose their land entirely. food supplies could not keep up with the growing population. Between 1800 and 1900, 30 million Indians died of starvation.

Indian Nationalists First Indian Nationalists were upper class and English educated Many came from urban areas Some were trained in British law and were members of civil service Many preferred reform to a revolution Slow pace of reform convinced many that relying on British goodwill was fertile 1885, INC (Indian National Congress) was formed - shared governing process

Indian Nationalists continued 1914, the return of Hindu brought new life to the Indians struggle for independence Mohandas Ghandi -studied in London and became a lawyer -later learned of racial exploitation of Indians and became active in independence movements -began a movement based on nonviolence resistance -the purpose was to force the British to improve the lot of the poor and to grant independence to India

Colonial Indian Culture The British often showed disrespect for India’s cultural heritage -Ex. The British used the Taj Mahal, which was a sacred tomb, for weddings and parties -Partygoers chipped off pieces of the building as souvenirs A cultural revival took place -Began in the early 19th century with the creation of a British college in Calcutta -A publishing house was opened that published textbooks in the various Indian languages -Indian novelists were inspired and wrote historical romances and epics in their own regional tongues

Colonial Indian culture continued Newspapers were a common medium used to raise support for nationalist causes Authors -Most famous Indian author was Rabindranath Tagore -Winner of the Nobel prize in Literature in 1913 >Set up a school that later became an international university >His goal in life was to promote nationalism in India