Bell Ringer November 2, 2016

Parallel Structure/Parallelism Type of Structure Example from text Line Parallel words living and dead 12 Parallel phrases of the people, by the people, for the people 22-23 Parallel clauses/ sentences we cannot dedicate—we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow 10-11 One grammatical feature that makes Abraham Lincoln’s rhetoric so effective is his use of parallel structure, or the repetition of grammatical forms within a sentence. The repetition can occur at the word, phrase, or sentence level. Lincoln uses parallel structure to express and connect ideas that are related or equal in importance and to create rhythm and evoke emotions. Parallel Structure/Parallelism

Write each sentence correctly using parallelism. 1. Justin was excited about inviting friends over, eating a good meal, and ___ . ...a game of cards. ...to play cards. ...playing a game of cards.   2. I have always enjoyed reading the book more than _____________________. ...I watched the movie version. ...watching the movie. ...to watch the movie. 3. When the weather outside is cold and ________, I like to be indoors. ...starting to get windy... ...windy... ...getting windy...   4. Running, lifting, and ____________ are three of Ashley’s favorite exercises. ...racquetball... ...a spinning class... ...bicycling... Write each sentence correctly using parallelism.

1. Justin was excited about inviting friends over, eating a good meal, and playing a game of cards. 2. I have always enjoyed reading the book more than watching the movie. 3. When the weather outside is cold and windy, I like to be indoors. 4. Running, lifting, and bicycling are three of Ashley’s favorite exercises. Check your sentences.

The Gettysburg Address A Seminal Document

Concepts such as fairness, justice, respect, and honor • Lincoln believes we should honor the soldiers. Concepts such as fairness, justice, respect, and honor

Engaging ideas presented in an original way • Lincoln begins and ends the speech with the suggestion of birth and death. Engaging ideas presented in an original way

Themes and concepts that encourage the audience to take action • The concept of devotion to the cause encourages the audience to take action Themes and concepts that encourage the audience to take action

The Gettysburg Address Questions 1-6 page 30

Use R.A.C.E. to answer The Question 1. Why did Lincoln write and deliver The Gettysburg Address? What were his two main purposes? Explain using evidence form the speech. Use R.A.C.E. to answer The Question

R & A - Lincoln delivered the speech at the dedication of a military cemetery. R & A - His main purposes were to persuade his listeners to respect the fallen by continuing to support the nation and to express his thoughts and feelings about the consequences of the war. C & E - He reminds his audience of America’s early history in the first paragraph to develop a continued connection to the idea that all people created equal. C & E – He also uses the word “we” to encourage the audience to share his beliefs about the importance of preserving the nation. R.A.C.E.

Lincoln delivered the speech at the dedication of a military cemetery Lincoln delivered the speech at the dedication of a military cemetery. His main purposes were to persuade his listeners to respect the fallen by continuing to support the nation and to express his thoughts and feelings about the consequences of the war. He reminds his audience of America’s early history in the first paragraph to develop a continued connection to the idea that all people created equal. He also uses the word “we” to encourage the audience to share his beliefs about the importance of preserving the nation.

2. What is “the unfinished work” of those who died? (line 18)

The “unfinished work” mentioned is to preserve the nation. R & A

Use R.A.C.E. to answer the question 3. What does Lincoln mean when he refers to “a new birth of freedom” (line22)? Explain your response with evidence from the text. Use R.A.C.E. to answer the question

R & A – When Lincoln refers to “a new birth of freedom,” he means that the nation can survive only if it retains the principles, such as freedom, upon which it was founded. C & E- This is seen in the first paragraph when Lincoln says, “a nation so conceived and so dedicated” which is a reference to the country’s “birth of freedom”. R.A.C.E.

4. The word dedicate is repeated several times in the speech 4. The word dedicate is repeated several times in the speech. What does dedicate mean? What idea does Lincoln emphasize with the repetition of this word? Hint: the word has 4 different meanings in the speech. Lines 2, 5, 7, & 10

In line 2, “dedicated” means “committed to a particular course of action,” while in line 5, the adjective “dedicated“ means “wholly committed.” In line 7, the word is used in the sense of “opening a cemetery in a formal ceremony”; in line 10, it means “to set apart or consecrate.” Part 1: . The word dedicate is repeated several times in the speech. What does dedicate mean?

Hint: What is the purpose of repetition? Part 2 What idea does Lincoln emphasize with the repetition of this word? Hint: What is the purpose of repetition?

The repetition of this word strengthens Lincoln’s message of being committed to restoring the nation. Part 2: What idea does Lincoln emphasize with the repetition of this word?

5. Identify two examples of parallelism in the speech 5. Identify two examples of parallelism in the speech. How does Lincoln use parallel structure to persuade the audience to accept his message? Answers will vary

In paragraph two, the statements “we are engaged,” “we are met,” and “we have come” are parallel. In lines 10–11, the statements “we cannot dedicate— we cannot consecrate—we cannot hallow” are parallel. Both examples of parallelism emphasize that the audience and Lincoln are on the same side, working together.

6. Seminal documents often refer to themes and ideals that are important to the audience they address. What is the theme, or underlying message, of the Gettysburg Address? Are those themes still important today? Explain the underlying message and the American ideals that the speech upholds.

Are these Worth preserving? The theme of the speech is that the ideals upon which the nation was created are worth preserving. It supports the ideals of freedom, democracy, and equality, not only for the United States, but also for all nations built on the same pattern. Are these Worth preserving?