Fig. 26-1

Fig. 26-2

Fig. 26-3 Species: Panthera pardus Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Bacteria Domain: Eukarya Archaea

Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Bacteria Fig. 26-3a Class: Mammalia Phylum: Chordata Kingdom: Animalia Bacteria Domain: Eukarya Archaea

Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Fig. 26-3b Species: Panthera pardus Genus: Panthera Family: Felidae Order: Carnivora

Canis lupus Order Family Genus Species Felidae Panthera Pantherapardus Fig. 26-4 Order Family Genus Species Felidae Panthera Pantherapardus Taxidea Taxidea taxus Carnivora Mustelidae Lutra lutra Lutra Canis latrans Canidae Canis Canis lupus

Branch point (node) Taxon A Taxon B Sister taxa Taxon C ANCESTRAL Fig. 26-5 Branch point (node) Taxon A Taxon B Sister taxa Taxon C ANCESTRAL LINEAGE Taxon D Taxon E Taxon F Common ancestor of taxa A–F Polytomy

Fig. 26-6 RESULTS Minke (Antarctica) Minke (Australia) Unknown #1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Minke (North Atlantic) Unknown #9 Humpback (North Atlantic) Humpback (North Pacific) Unknown #1b Gray Blue (North Atlantic) Blue (North Pacific) Unknown #10, 11, 12 Unknown #13 Fin (Mediterranean) Fin (Iceland)

RESULTS Minke (Antarctica) Minke (Australia) Unknown #1a, Fig. 26-6a RESULTS Minke (Antarctica) Minke (Australia) Unknown #1a, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Minke (North Atlantic) Unknown #9

Humpback (North Atlantic) Humpback (North Pacific) Unknown #1b Gray Fig. 26-6b Humpback (North Atlantic) Humpback (North Pacific) Unknown #1b Gray Blue (North Atlantic) Blue (North Pacific)

Unknown #10, 11, 12 Unknown #13 Fin (Mediterranean) Fin (Iceland) Fig. 26-6c Unknown #10, 11, 12 Unknown #13 Fin (Mediterranean) Fin (Iceland)

Fig. 26-UN1 A B D B D C C C B D A A (a) (b) (c)

Fig. 26-7

Fig. 26-8 1 Deletion 2 Insertion 3 4

Fig. 26-8a 1 Deletion 2 Insertion

Fig. 26-8b 3 4

Fig. 26-9

(a) Monophyletic group (clade) (b) Paraphyletic group Fig. 26-10 A A A B Group I B B C C C D D D E E Group II E Group III F F F G G G (a) Monophyletic group (clade) (b) Paraphyletic group (c) Polyphyletic group

(a) Monophyletic group (clade) Fig. 26-10a A B Group I C D E F G (a) Monophyletic group (clade)

(b) Paraphyletic group Fig. 26-10b A B C D Group II E F G (b) Paraphyletic group

(c) Polyphyletic group Fig. 26-10c A B C D Group III E F G (c) Polyphyletic group

Fig. 26-11 TAXA Lancelet (outgroup) (outgroup) Lancelet Salamander Lamprey Leopard Lamprey Tuna Turtle Vertebral column (backbone) Tuna 1 1 1 1 1 Vertebral column Hinged jaws 1 1 1 1 Salamander Hinged jaws CHARACTERS Four walking legs 1 1 1 Turtle Four walking legs Amniotic (shelled) egg 1 1 Amniotic egg Leopard Hair 1 Hair (a) Character table (b) Phylogenetic tree

Amniotic (shelled) egg 1 1 Fig. 26-11a TAXA (outgroup) Lancelet Salamander Lamprey Leopard Tuna Turtle Vertebral column (backbone) 1 1 1 1 1 Hinged jaws 1 1 1 1 CHARACTERS Four walking legs 1 1 1 Amniotic (shelled) egg 1 1 Hair 1 (a) Character table

Vertebral column Hinged jaws Four walking legs Amniotic egg Lancelet Fig. 26-11b Lancelet (outgroup) Lamprey Tuna Vertebral column Salamander Hinged jaws Turtle Four walking legs Amniotic egg Leopard Hair (b) Phylogenetic tree

Fig. 26-12 Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Chicken Human Mouse

Fig. 26-13 Drosophila Lancelet Zebrafish Frog Chicken Human Mouse PALEOZOIC MESOZOIC CENOZOIC 542 251 65.5 Present Millions of years ago

(a) Percentage differences between sequences Fig. 26-14 Human Mushroom Tulip Human 30% 40% Mushroom 40% Tulip (a) Percentage differences between sequences 15% 5% 5% 15% 15% 10% 20% 25% Tree 1: More likely Tree 2: Less likely (b) Comparison of possible trees

(a) Percentage differences between sequences Fig. 26-14a Human Mushroom Tulip Human 30% 40% Mushroom 40% Tulip (a) Percentage differences between sequences

(b) Comparison of possible trees Fig. 26-14b 15% 5% 5% 15% 15% 10% 20% 25% Tree 1: More likely Tree 2: Less likely (b) Comparison of possible trees

Three phylogenetic hypotheses: I I III Fig. 26-15-1 Species I Species II Species III Three phylogenetic hypotheses: I I III II III II III II I

Site 1 2 3 4 Species I C T A T I I III Species II C T T C II III II Fig. 26-15-2 Site 1 2 3 4 1/C Species I C T A T I I III 1/C Species II C T T C II III II 1/C Species III A G A C III II I 1/C 1/C Ancestral sequence A G T T

Site 1 2 3 4 Species I C T A T I I III Species II C T T C II III II Fig. 26-15-3 Site 1 2 3 4 1/C Species I C T A T I I III 1/C Species II C T T C II III II 1/C Species III A G A C III II I 1/C 1/C Ancestral sequence A G T T 3/A 2/T 3/A I I III 2/T 3/A 4/C II III II 4/C 4/C 2/T III II I 3/A 4/C 2/T 4/C 2/T 3/A

Site 1 2 3 4 Species I C T A T I I III Species II C T T C II III II Fig. 26-15-4 Site 1 2 3 4 1/C Species I C T A T I I III 1/C Species II C T T C II III II 1/C Species III A G A C III II I 1/C 1/C Ancestral sequence A G T T 3/A 2/T 3/A I I III 2/T 3/A 4/C II III II 4/C 4/C 2/T III II I 3/A 4/C 2/T 4/C 2/T 3/A I I III II III II III II I 6 events 7 events 7 events

Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Ornithischian dinosaurs Common Fig. 26-16 Lizards and snakes Crocodilians Ornithischian dinosaurs Common ancestor of crocodilians, dinosaurs, and birds Saurischian dinosaurs Birds

(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs Fig. 26-17 Front limb Hind limb Eggs (a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs (b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture

(a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs Fig. 26-17a Front limb Hind limb Eggs (a) Fossil remains of Oviraptor and eggs

(b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture Fig. 26-17b (b) Artist’s reconstruction of the dinosaur’s posture

Speciation with divergence of gene Fig. 26-18 Ancestral gene Ancestral species Speciation with divergence of gene Orthologous genes Species A Species B (a) Orthologous genes Species A Gene duplication and divergence Paralogous genes Species A after many generations (b) Paralogous genes

Speciation with divergence of gene Fig. 26-18a Ancestral gene Ancestral species Speciation with divergence of gene Orthologous genes Species A Species B (a) Orthologous genes

Gene duplication and divergence Fig. 26-18b Species A Gene duplication and divergence Paralogous genes Species A after many generations (b) Paralogous genes

Divergence time (millions of years) Fig. 26-19 90 60 Number of mutations 30 30 60 90 120 Divergence time (millions of years)

Index of base changes between HIV sequences Fig. 26-20 0.20 0.15 Computer model of HIV Index of base changes between HIV sequences 0.10 Range 0.05 1900 1920 1940 1960 1980 2000 Year

EUKARYA BACTERIA ARCHAEA Fig. 26-21 Land plants Dinoflagellates Green algae Forams Ciliates Diatoms Red algae Amoebas Cellular slime molds Euglena Trypanosomes Animals Leishmania Fungi Sulfolobus Green nonsulfur bacteria Thermophiles (Mitochondrion) Spirochetes Halophiles Chlamydia COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE Green sulfur bacteria BACTERIA Methanobacterium Cyanobacteria ARCHAEA (Plastids, including chloroplasts)

BACTERIA Green nonsulfur bacteria (Mitochondrion) Spirochetes Fig. 26-21a Green nonsulfur bacteria (Mitochondrion) Spirochetes Chlamydia COMMON ANCESTOR OF ALL LIFE Green sulfur bacteria BACTERIA Cyanobacteria (Plastids, including chloroplasts)

ARCHAEA Sulfolobus Thermophiles Halophiles Methanobacterium Fig. 26-21b Sulfolobus Thermophiles Halophiles Methanobacterium ARCHAEA

EUKARYA Dinoflagellates Land plants Forams Ciliates Red algae Amoebas Fig. 26-21c EUKARYA Land plants Dinoflagellates Green algae Forams Ciliates Diatoms Red algae Amoebas Cellular slime molds Euglena Trypanosomes Animals Leishmania Fungi

Fig. 26-22 Bacteria Eukarya Archaea 4 3 2 1 Billions of years ago

Fig. 26-23 Eukarya Bacteria Archaea

Node Taxon A Taxon B Sister taxa Taxon C Taxon D Taxon E Most recent Fig. 26-UN2 Node Taxon A Taxon B Sister taxa Taxon C Taxon D Taxon E Most recent common ancestor Polytomy Taxon F

Monophyletic group A A A B B B C C C D D D E E E F F F G G G Fig. 26-UN3 Monophyletic group A A A B B B C C C D D D E E E F F F G G G Paraphyletic group Polyphyletic group

Fig. 26-UN4 Salamander Lizard Goat Human

Fig. 26-UN5

Fig. 26-UN6

Fig. 26-UN7

Fig. 26-UN8

Fig. 26-UN9

Fig. 26-UN10

Fig. 26-UN10a

Fig. 26-UN10b