The Great War: The World in Upheaval Chapter 33 The Great War: The World in Upheaval

Pan-Slavism: The Balkans, 1914 The “Powder Keg” of Europe

The “Spark”

The Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand

The Assassin: Gavrilo Princip

Gavrilo Princip Bosnian Serb (1894-1918) Princip shot Ferdinand, expectant wife Sophie as couple went to hospital to visit victims Princip swallows ineffective cyanide

Who’s To Blame?

A Chain Reaction Austria-Hungary blamed Serbia for the murders and made harsh demands on Serbia. Serbia refused to comply with the demands. Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia on July 28. Russia, a Slavic nation and friend of Serbia, mobilized its troops for war. Germany, an ally of Austria-Hungary, declared war on Russia. Germany declared war on France, an ally of Russia. Germany invaded Belgium on August 3, 1914, so that German forces could enter France more easily. Britain declares war on Germany.

The Alliance System Triple Entente: Triple Alliance:

Two Armed Camps! Central Powers: Allied Powers:

Inflexible Diplomatic Alliances Agreements of mutual defense Triple Alliance Germany-Austro-Hungarians (1879), joined by Italians 1882 Triple Entente Russia, France, and the UK

Europe in 1914

Economic & Imperial Rivalries

Outcome of Princip’s Bullet First conflict of global proportions Conservative estimates of 15 million dead (5 million non-combatants), 20 million injured End of three empires, rise of nine new countries Massive global economic dislocations End of Europe’s domination of globe Outcome of Princip’s Bullet

Larger Causes of World War I Militarism Buildup of massive armies Alliances - Germany, France, England, Russia Imperialism - Especially between Britain and Germany Nationalism - Especially in South, Eastern Europe

Rivalry among Empires Dominance of British Empire declining 1870, 32% of world industrial output (Germany 13%) drops to 14% by 1914 Imperial competition Germany latecomer, but aggressive

Naval Competition Arms race between UK and Germany to control seas Decisive for control of trade routes

Role of Public Opinion Beginning of media age Availability of cheap newspapers Little accountability

Financing the War

For Recruitment

Munitions Workers

Working in the Fields

A Woman Ambulance Driver

Red Cross Nurses

Women in the Army Auxiliary

Mutually Threatening War Plans German Schlieffen plan Fear of encirclement France to be defeated swiftly, then attention turned to Russia Invasion through Belgium

War of Attrition West: three years of stalemate Trenches from English channel to Switzerland East: more movement, Treaty of Brest-Litovsk in March 1918

New Military Technology Barbed wire, Gatling Gun Poison Gas Tanks Airplanes Submarines

Brutality of New Warfare Unprecedented causalities Verdun, 1916 315,000 French killed 280,000 German casualties Less than 160,000 bodies recovered The Somme, British gain few thousand yards 420,000 casualties No significant strategic advantage

Total War: The Home Front Implications of modern industrial war: concept of a “home front” Government takes command of economies Women in the workforce Bombing of civilian areas by Zeppelins

Mobilization in England Home by Christmas! No major war in 50 years! Nationalism!

Recruitment Posters

German Women Factory Workers

Russian Women Soldiers

War Propaganda Maintenance of public support for war Untruths Irony: disbelief of WWI propaganda makes belief in WWII atrocities more difficult

Australian Poster

American Poster

Financing the War

Global Involvement Importation of troops from colonies UK: Australia, New Zealand, Canada Japanese designs on China with distraction of European powers

Collapse of the Russian Empire Russia: February Revolution, 1917 Germany smuggles Lenin into Provisional Government Russia October Revolution, creation of the USSR Treaty of Brest-Litovsk cedes Poland, Baltic countries, Ukraine to central Powers

USA Enters the War US and the war economy German blockade of British overseas trade Sinking of Lusitania, May 7, 1915 1,198 lives lost (128 US) Carried munitions Zimmerman Telegram US declares war April 1917

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The Zimmerman Telegram

The Yanks Are Coming!

Trench Warfare

Trench Warfare “No Man’s Land”

War Is HELL !!

German submarine U9 (1914)

A Canadian soldier with mustard gas burns, ca. 1917-1918

British 55th Division troops blinded by tear gas await treatment at an Advanced Dressing Station near Bethune during the Battle of Estaires, 10 April 1918, part of the German offensive in Flanders.

German infantry improvising gas masks during the First World War (probably 1915)

British Vickers machine gun crew wearing anti-gas helmets, July 1916

German artillery soldier and horses wearing gas masks during the First World War

Sacrifices in War

French Renault Tank

U-Boats

“Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917 The Airplane “Squadron Over the Brenta” Max Edler von Poosch, 1917

The Zeppelin

Flame Throwers Grenade Launchers

Poison Gas Machine Gun

Defeat of the Central Powers Fall of 1918, exhaustion of Central Powers troops Bulgaria, Ottomans, Austro-Hungarians, Germans surrender Armistice: November 11, 1918

The Armistice is Signed! 11 a.m., November 11, 1918 The Armistice is Signed!

The Paris Peace Conference Dominated by France, Great Britain, and the United States No Central Powers representation A dictated peace Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Peace treaties harsh on Central Powers

Territorial changes in Europe after the Great War

One of thousands of mass Armenian graves

Turkish Genocide Against Armenians A Portent of Future Horrors to Come!

The End of the Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire is dismantled by the western powers after WW1. Self-determination

Territorial changes in Southwest Asia after the Great War

Mustafa Kemal Kemal later called himself Kemal Ataturk, meaning “father of the Turks.” Kemal worked to modernize and westernize Turkey, believing that it was only through change that Turkey could survive.

Turkey’s Westernization Islamic code was replaced with a new law code The Muslim calendar was replaced Western dress. State secular schools and colleges were set up. Women no longer had to wear veils, allowed to vote and could work railroads, roads and factories. Kemal and Ismet (The second President of Turkey)

The League of Nations 42 original member-states, 26 non-European Goal was to keep the peace worldwide Mandate system created to control formerly colonized areas U.S. never joined

The Treaty of Versailles Territorial Losses – Land was taken from Germany. Military Restrictions – Germany’s army and navy were restricted to a minimal size. War Guilt – Germany had to accept full responsibility for the war and pay huge reparations, or large sums of money, to help undo war damage and expenses.

World War I Casualties