Omagamre E.W., Okuo, J.M., Oseji O.F and Ibhafidon, S.O “Quantification and cancer risk evaluation of airborne Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons within the University of Benin Bakery” a research by Omagamre E.W., Okuo, J.M., Oseji O.F and Ibhafidon, S.O

Outline of Presentation Introduction Aim and Objectives of Research Methodology Results and Discussion Relevance of Obtained results Recommendation Conclusion References Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Introduction Studies on workplace activities and occupational exposure relationship with regards to air pollution have been carried out for a number of occupations (Brisman et al, 2000) Performance of workers have been shown to be affected by indoor environmental quality (Wyon, 2004) Among the indoor workspaces that have been evaluated are Bakeries (Mirmohammadi, 2013) Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Fig. 1(b) Industrial Oven type Fig. 1(a) Traditional Oven type Retrieved from http://www.empirebake.com Fig. 1(a) Traditional Oven type Retrieved from https://www.dreamstime.com Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Introduction contd. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the pollutants associated with traditional oven bakeries (Mirmohammadi, 2013; Lee and Vu, 2010) The University of Benin bakery uses a traditional baking oven Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Aim of research To evaluate the concentration of airborne PAHs and their corresponding cancer risk within the University of Benin bakery. Objectives Collection and evaluation of fine particulates and vapour aerosols within the bakery and a control indoor environment Extraction and Quantification of PAH fractions in collected samples Estimation of cancer risk in both indoor environments with respect to obtained PAHs Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Methodology Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Sampling Procedure A Casella CEL 712 dust sampler was used to collect fine particulates over 6-8 hrs in both sampled locations A sampling flow rate of 2L/min was maintained A glass fiber filter collected the particulates A polyurethane foam trapped the vapour phased PAHs Fig. 2: Casella CEL 712 Sampler Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Omagamre et al 2016 Extraction procedure A Bandelin Sonorex sonicator was used to extract the exposed filters using a dichloromethane/acetone 1:1 ratio mix Fig. 3: A Bandelin Sonorex 514 Sonicator Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Analysis of Extract Analysis of the extracts for the 16 USEPA priority PAHs were carried out using an HP Agilient 6890 Gas Chromatograph equipped with s Flame Ionization Detector Fig. 4: HP Agilient 6890 Gas Chromatograph Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Results and Discussion Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Table 1: Fine particulates concentration (µg/m3 ) within both work environments Days Bakery BMS* Office 1 411.00 159.00 2 1871.00 116.00 3 342.00 156.00 Mean 874.68± 86.54 143.67± 24.01 * School of Basic Medical Sciences Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Table 2: Obtained PAHs fractions and concentrations (ng/m3 )in the Bakery Component GFF1 Bakery GFF2 GFF3 PUF1 PUF2 PUF3 Fluorene BDL 185.19 Anthracene 16.27 Pyrene 205.76 227.77 176.28 144.03 81.35 192.31 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 82.31 86.77 408.65 432.10 59.65 520.83 Benzo(a)pyrene 190.33 721.15 Total 478.40 330.81 1306.08 761.32 141.00 713.14 Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Table 3: Obtained PAHs fractions and concentrations (ng/m3 ) in the BMS office Component GFF1 BMS GFF2 GFF3 PUF1 PUF2 PUF3 Anthracene BDL 26.88 Benzo(a)anthracene 5.67 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 31.02 11.34 17.01 Benzo(a)pyrene 13.44 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 20.16 51.02 Indeno(1,2,3) perylene Dibenzo(a,h)anthracene Total 100.80 73.70 53.76 34.02 Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Fig. 5 : Mean concentrations of Total PAHs obtained at both locations Omagamre et al 2016 Concentration in ng/m3 Fig. 5 : Mean concentrations of Total PAHs obtained at both locations Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Fig. 6: Percentage Contribution of PAHs obtained in the Bakery with respect to their number of rings Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Fig. 7: Mean concentrations of Benzo(a)Pyrene at both sampled locations Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Cancer Risk Estimation Carcinogenic risk = [PAH]i x TEF x URBaP = BaP eq x URBaP [PAH]I = Total PAH concentration for the individual PAHs TEF = Total Equivalence Factor for the individual PAHs URBaP = Inhalation cancer risk factor of BaP (1 x 10-6 (ng/m3)-1) (OEHHA California, 2005) Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Table 4: Cancer risk estimation with respect to obtained PAHs fractions PAH Component TEF BAKERY BMS OFFICE [PAH]i(ng/m3) BaPeq(ng/m3) Fluorene 0.001 30.864 0.030864 Anthracene 2.712 0.002712 4.4803 0.0044803 Benzo(a)anthracene 0.1 0.9448 0.09448 Pyrene 170.416 0.170416 Benzo(b)fluoranthene 265.052 26.5052 18.8542 1.88542 Benzo(k)fluoranthene 11.8645 1.18645 Benzo(a)pyrene 1 151.914 6.0193 Dibenz(a,h)anthracene Indeno(1,2,3,c-d)pyrene 2.2402 0.22402 Total BaP equivalence 178.6232 9.4186 Carcinogenic risk 1.786 x 10-4 9.419 x 10--6

Table 5: Diagnostic ratios of obtained PAHs in the Bakery Value Range Expected Obtained Value Possible source(s) References ∑LMW/∑HMW <1 0.06 Pyrogenic Ravindra et al., 2008 ∑COMB/∑PAHs ≈1 0.99 Diesel Combustion ∑COMB - FLA,PYR,BaA,CHR,BbK,BbF,BaP,IcdP and BghiP ∑PAHs – sum of total PAHs ∑LMW – sum of two and three-ring PAHs ∑HMW – sum of four and five-ring PAHs Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Relevance of Obtained Data Obtained results add data to support established evidence that traditional ovens (which is largely used in Benin City) are a significant source of fine particulates and PAHs Cancer risk estimates with regards to inhalation have been derived for workers in the University of Benin Bakery in relation to academic office workers. Diagnostic ratios results point to the likely sources of PAHs in the Bakery. Source identification is usually the first step towards environmental cleanup. Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Recommendations More ambient data relating the surveyed pollutants should be collected to evaluate for diurnal and seasonal trends as well as enhance source apportionment studies using appropriate models Studies on the lung function of Bakery workers should be carried out to evaluate impacts of the fine particulates and the PAHs within the bakery Personal exposure measurements should be carried out for workers within the bakery to determine how it compares with the results obtained from this ambient study Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

Conclusion In this study, five of the sixteen USEPA priority PAHs were captured in the ambient air within the University of Benin Bakery The total PAHs concentration ranged from 1239.72 to 2019.22 ng/m3 in the Bakery against a range of 73.70 to 134.82 ng/m3 The mean concentrations of Benzo(a)pyrene, the most studied of the PAHs family, were 151.91 and 6.02 ng/m3 for the Bakery and the BMS office respectively [WHO acceptable 24 hr limit is 5 ng/m3) The Cancer risk estimate obtained for the Bakery environment (1.77 x 10-4) was about 18 times higher than that for the BMS office (9.42 x 10-6) [The WHO acceptable risk factor is 1 x 10-6] Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)

References   Brisman, J., Jarvholm, B., Lillienberg, L. (2000): “Exposure-response relations for self-reported asthma and rhinitis in bakers”. Occupational and Environmental medicine 57, 335-340 Lee, B.K., and Vu, V.T. (2010): “Sources, Distribution and Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Particulate Matter”.Vanda Villanyi (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-143-5, InTech, Availiable from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/air-pollution/sources-distribution-and-toxicity-of -polyaromatic- hydrocarbons-pahs-in-particulate-matter on May 15, 2016 Lee, B.K., and Vu, V.T. (2010): “Sources, Distribution and Toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Particulate Matter”.Vanda Villanyi (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-143-5, InTech, Availiable from: http://www.intechopen.com/books/air-pollution/sources-distribution-and-toxicity-of -polyaromatic- hydrocarbons-pahs-in-particulate-matter on June 1, 2016 Mirmohammadi, S. (2013). “Indoor air quality assessment with emphasis on flour dust: A cross sectional study of a random sample from Iranian Bakeries workers”. Iranica Journal of Energy & Environment 4(2):150- 154. OEHHA, (2005): “Air Toxics Hot Spots Program Risk Assessment Guidelines. Part II: Technical Support Document for Describing Available Cancer Potency Factors”. Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. Available from:http://www.oehha.ca.gov/air/hot_spots/pdf/TSD. Ravindra K, Sokhi, R., and Van Grieken, R. (2008): “Atmospheric polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: Source attribution, emission factors an regulation.” Atmospheric Environment retrieved from doi:10:1016/j.atmosenv.2007.12.010 on January 2, 2016 Wyon, D. P., (2004): “The effects of indoor air quality on performance and productivity”. Indoor Air 14, 92- 101. Omagamre et al. 2016 (UBARD)