Chapter 11 Electricity Objectives: 1. Identify two forces that result from electric charges 2. Explain why objects attract and repel each other. 3. Communicate how positively charged object can be used to determine the charge on another object. 4. Infer how electric charges behave in everyday situations

“ + “ charge “ – “ charge “NO” charge Review concerning Charge and Force Recall that matter is made of atoms which contain electrons, protons and neutrons. “ + “ charge PROTONS - “ – “ charge ELECTRONS “NO” charge NEUTRONS –

What do charged particles create? The positive and negative electric charges in objects can produce a force between the objects. If charges are opposite, they will cause objects to attract to each other. If charges are alike the will cause objects to repel or push away from each other.

FORCE OF ATTRACTION “ + “ “ – “ Opposites attract

Like charges will repel each other FORCE OF REPULSION “-” “-” Like charges will repel each other

ELECTRIC FIELD An electric field is a region surrounding a charged object. Strongest part of field is closest to the charged area Weakest part of field Is the area farthest away from the charged object

Perhaps you have experienced this. When you drive close to a power line you may get some “static” on a car radio. What causes this? Power line Because there is an electric current flowing through the power line there is an “electric field” around the line. This electric field can cause “interference” on your radio.

ELECTRICITY AND YOU Your body uses electric signals to communicate with the brain. If you touch something hot, the “-” charge inside the nerve cell changes sending a signal along the nerve cell to the spinal cord, to your hand, telling it to drop the object.

11.2 STATIC ELECTRICITY Objectives: 1. Identify three ways static charge can build up 2. Explain what causes lightning. 3. Compare electric conductors and insulators 4. Infer why lightning can be dangerous

Has this ever happened to you?

How does the person who “shocked” you become “charged” with electricity? First of all, you must understand that of the three Particles that make up an atom, ONLY THE –e CAN MOVE. When the person who “shocked” you rubbed their feet on the carpet electrons from the carpet were moved to the person. This build up of electrons “jumped” from their finger to your ear. Static build-up is when electrons become overloaded on an object. Static means stationary or not moving.

FRICTION In this example the person (object) became “charged” by Can you think of other examples of causing static build-up (charging) by friction?

CONDUCTION Charging by conduction occurs when electrons are transferred from one material to another by direct contact -- -- -- -- When the leaves of the electro- scope become loaded with electrons they repel and separate. - -- - ------ - electroscope a device which detects an electrical charge

INDUCTION - - - --- -- - - - - - --- - --- ----- - Charging by induction occurs when charges are rearranged without direct contact, the charged object simple comes close to another object. - - - --- -- - - - - - --- - --- ----- What has become “charged”? - The leaves of the electroscope electroscope

LIGHTNING HOW DOES IT HAPPEN ?

+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+_+ When clouds are swirled around and blown together by turbulence in the upper atmosphere, there is a great deal of friction between the water molecules. This friction causes electrons to be jarred loose and eventually there is a build-up of electrons within an area of the cloud. This is called “static build-up”. When this happens, lightning can occur in several ways:

The most common form of lightning + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _+ _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ _ _ +_ _ _+ _ _ + + _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ +++++++++ +++++++++ +++++++++ +++++++++ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ One end of the cloud has more + charges. The other end of the cloud has more – charges. The + - attraction between the ends of the clouds causes a “static discharge”(lightning) resulting in a cloud which now has evenly distributed + & - charges. What happens now? Lightning within a single cloud is called “St. Elmo’s Fire”

+ _ + _ When the negative end of one cloud comes close to What will happen here? _ _ _ + _ _ + _ _ _ + + _ _ _ _ _ _ _ + _ _ + _ _ _ + + _ _ _ _ + + + _ + + _ + + _ _ + + + + + _ + + + _ + + _ + + _ _ + + + + + _ A charged cloud A second charged cloud Where is the + - attraction? When the negative end of one cloud comes close to the positive end on another cloud you will see lightning from one cloud to another.

+ _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ +_ How does one cloud “charge” another? _ _ _ + _ _ + _ _ _ + + _ _ _ _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ + _ +_ _ _ + _ _ _ + _ _ + _ _ _ + + + + _ + + _ + + _ _ + + + + + _ + _ + + + _ + _ + + + + + + _ + _ A charged cloud A neutral cloud When a charged object comes close to another object, the second object becomes charged by __________________. INDUCTION What makes this happen? Like charges repel so when the end with a large number of electrons (-) comes close to the other cloud the electrons in the neutral cloud are repelled to the other end of the cloud causing it to have charged ends.

How does lightning strike things on the ground? _ + _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ What happens? + + + _ + + _ + + + A charged cloud + + + + _ + + _ + + A neutral tree with + & - scattered equally throughout When the cloud gets close to the tree the tree becomes charged by induction. When the + / - attraction becomes great enough there is a static discharge of electrons to the tree. _ _ _ _ _ +

Why is it unsafe to seek shelter under a tree during a storm? Lightning will try to find the fastest way to the ground. The people under the tree become “charged” by induction just like the tree does. As lightning takes its path to the ground, it will come out of the tree and to the boys then to the ground. _ + _ _ _ + _ _ _ _ + + + _ + + _ + + + A charged cloud + + + _ + + + + + _ ++ + _ _ _ _ + _ + _

LIGHTNING WILL KILL YOU DEAD! Don’t make someone cry.

CONDUCTORS INSULATORS VS

CONDUCTORS - A material through which electric charges flow easily. Examples include most metals such as gold, silver, copper, aluminum and mercury. Non metals such as water and acid are also good conductors. NOTE: Pure water does not conduct electricity, it must have some type of electrolyte or substance in it. Since the water you use at home is not pure water, it is a good conductor, it is wise to be careful when handling appliances around wet areas.

INSULATORS: Materials through which electric charges cannot move easily. Examples include wood, ceramic, rubber, glass and plastic. Note: you may have noticed that most wire to electrical appliances are coated with rubber or plastic. insulation wire In an insulator, the atoms are not arranged in a manner which will allow the electrons to move freely. Therefore, insulators are not capable of carrying electrical energy.

While drying, some clothes pick up a negative charge while SCIENCE AND YOU Do your clothes ever stick together when you take them of the dryer? While drying, some clothes pick up a negative charge while others keep a positive charge. Using your knowledge about charges what happens? Does your hair follow the comb or brush instead of lying flat? Using your knowledge about charges, explain what you think happens to your hair.