Key question in clinical psychology How do attitudes towards mental health and definitions of mental illness differ across cultures

Slides 1-9 to be completed for H/W before lesson key question Instructions – Read through each slide Answer all questions in bold Complete the table on slide 9 using slides and resources provided on slide 5

How do attitudes towards mental health and definitions of mental illness differ across cultures Why is this question important for society? USA

How do attitudes towards mental health and definitions of mental illness differ across cultures Starting point – Listen to this short podcast and make notes. Podcast on different attitudes to mental health and why a positive attitude is important for those with mental health issues. Podcast - https://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/podcasts-and- videos/challenging-discrimination-against-people-mental-health-problems Resources: http://www.open.edu/openlearn/body-mind/health/cultural-differences- mental-health Culture counts https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK44249/ Cultural perspectives http://www.uniteforsight.org/mental-health/module7

Ao1 – non psychological research/ knowledge Ao1 – non psychological research/ knowledge. Why is this question important for society? Answer Qs in bold. Ideas - From podcast Attempted suicide in some cultures is illegal – if they survive they will be arrested (examples: treated as a criminal offence under the section 309 of Indian Penal Code and in Kenya) why is this an issue for those suffering with mental disorders? How does this influence stigma? In 2013 in U.K. Parliament – 23 MPs stood up and spoke up about their own experiences with mental health issues. This open dialogue provides a clear message that it should not be linked to stigma. Why is this important for those with mental health issues? How can this have an impact on society? http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/12/11-041211/en/ --> president of Norway open and honest with his experience with depression. Fought stigma and brought in changes to mental health care in Norway. How can policies help change they way in which a country discriminate against those with mental health?

Ao1 – non psychological research/ knowledge Ao1 – non psychological research/ knowledge. Why is this question important for individuals and society? Attitudes: Being diagnosed with a mental health disorder can have implications for the individual as often there is stigma attached, which suggests that there are negatives associated with defining mental health and disorder. However, receiving such a diagnosis can help a person to make sense of their symptoms and offer them explanations. Implications for society – Change in laws/policy and cultural attitudes , may also lead to increased funding in mental health services and new research may be conducted to develop new treatments.

Ao1 – non psychological research/ knowledge Ao1 – non psychological research/ knowledge. Why is this question important for individuals and society? Definitions: Mental disorders are defined with the use of lists of symptoms in, for example, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (now on its fifth edition) as well as the ICD-10. Cultural differences when diagnosing mental illnesses? Provide a few examples of cultural differences(pg.20-23). Are there any ‘Western disorders’ you can mention? Understanding how different cultures define mental health can help to see which aspects of mental health might be innate and which might be culturally acquired, and his can also help when considering treatments.

A01- to be completed for H/W before key Qs lesson 1 Describe your key question and how the key question is relevant for today’s society?

A01- to be completed for H/W before key Qs lesson 1 How do attitudes towards mental health and definitions of mental illness differ across cultures? Questions A01 non psychological knowledge (i.e. no research or theories) How is the key question relevant for today’s society? How is the key question likely to directly affect individuals in today’s society? How is the key question likely to affect society as a whole?

Reminder Describe questions – Just A01 (no psychological research) Examples of other questions Evaluate/assess your key question using research Evaluate/assess your key question using theories Discuss your key question using theories Evaluate/discuss/assess your key question using theories and research

A03 Research – use research to answer questions (learning space doc, resources from slide 5 and textbook) Supports - Attitudes towards mental health and definitions of mental illness do differ across cultures What are the different attitudes and views that affect the way in which diagnoses may be made? (additional material doc.) Different definitions of mental disorders? Examples using research - Textbook pg 20-23 or additional material doc Different outcomes of disorders e.g SZ in different cultures? Luhrmann et al. (Ghana and USA – SZ) or Kulhara – additional material doc. Why is the culture of the clinician or clinical bias an important factor in providing a valid diagnosis? - Luhrmann and additional material Refutes - Attitudes towards mental health and definitions of mental illness do not differ across cultures Classification systems are equipped to ensure universal diagnoses - How does the DSM take into account cultural differences and differences in attitudes https://www.multiculturalmentalhealth.ca/clinical- tools/cultural-formulation/ Why is this important? Culture of the clinician is not an important factor in providing a valid diagnoses (why using evidence from previous point) Research showing examples of consistent diagnoses across cultures? Lee 2006 – textbook and learning space (Korean study pg.19 and 20) Research showing similar outcomes for patients across cultures? (Lin 1996 – pg 22 textbooks ADHD diagnosis valid in western and non western cultures when using DSM IV) Conclusion - Should all countries use the same diagnosis process? Or should there be transcultural understanding? Globalisation of psychiatry BPS http://thepsychologist.bps.org.uk/volume-26/edition-3/globalisation-mental-illness

Task - Evaluate your key question using research from clinical psychology (16) Detailed essay plan to answer this question Supports - Attitudes towards mental health and definitions of mental illness do differ across cultures Refutes - Attitudes towards mental health and definitions of mental illness do not always differ across cultures Conclusion

Evaluate/assess your key question using theories A03 Group 1: Medical model (biological explanations) – Universal principles of mental health What does this model suggest? Bio Explanations for SZ? Bio treatments of Sz? How can we apply this to our key question? Does this model reduce stigma and negative attitudes? Does this model suggest that biological explanations such as genetics and neurotransmitters will lead to correct diagnoses and treatments across the globe? VS Group 2: Whereas: Learning/psychological theories – not universal and based on cultural differences Social causation for SZ? Psychosocial treatment (ACT) pg. 52 textbooks How can we apply it to our key question? How does your culture and environment influence negative attitudes and stigma? Does this model suggest that culture does influence mental disorders and possibly diagnoses depending on a person’s culture and environment (e.g. as Velling suggests) Group 3: conclusion - How can the theories explain how to reduce or possibly eliminate the impact of the key question on today’s society? Are the above theories reductionist? What would be more holistic? Biopsychosocial model – what is this? https://www.socialworkhelper.com/2013/07/16/the-biopsychosocial-perspective-to-mental-health-and-illness/ How could this have a positive impact on stigma and the course/treatments of mental disorders in society?

Theories (A02) – What theories can be used from the specification content to explain the key question?

A02: What theories/concepts can be used from the specification content to explain the key question? Theory Key words from theory Apply theory to the key question

Conclusions? Should the universal attitude to mental health be more positive? Why? Should one classification system be used worldwide to define and diagnose disorders? Why? What would be more appropriate?

A01 (non psychological knowledge - no studies or theories) Key Qs – what is it? A01 (non psychological knowledge - no studies or theories) A02 (applying theories to help answer and explain key question) A03 (using research to support and refute ideas from key question) Overall conclusions?

Questions you should be able to answer about your key question

In terms of AO1: • What is the key question? • How is the key question relevant for today’s society? • How is the key question likely to directly affect individuals in today’s society? • How is the key question likely to affect society as a whole? • Are there any relevant examples which could help show knowledge of the key question? In terms of AO2: • What theories can be used from the specification content to explain the key question? • How can the theories explain how the key question developed in today’s society? • How can the theories explain how to reduce or possibly eliminate the impact of the key question on today’s society? • Are there any concepts from the specification content that can explain the key question in today’s society? In terms of AO3: • What research evidence can be used from the specification content to support or provide evidence for the key question? • What research evidence can be used from the specification content to refute or dispute the relevance of the key question for today’s society? • Are there any methodological flaws in the supporting evidence which could lead to it being questionable support for the key question?