1. Schizophrenia Issues of Reliability and Validity Explain the issues of reliability with classification of schizophrenia

2. Schizophrenia Schizophrenia is a syndrome There are several symptoms associated with schizophrenia Two people could be diagnosed with schizophrenia and have completely different symptoms Schizophrenia is known as psychotic disorder as sufferers have periods of their illness when they do not have an accurate perception of reality. The way that schizophrenia is diagnosed is by using the Diagnostic Statistical Manual (4 th edition) DSM4.

3. Starter - Diagnosing Schizophrenia Watch the video and make notes http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grGwPFCtA7U

4. Positive and negative symptoms Positive symptoms of schizophrenia ‘normal’ + (an additional thoughts or behaviour) = existing thoughts or behaviour Something extra compared with the ‘normal’ individual eg. Dellusions Negative symptoms of schizophrenia ‘normal’ – (a thought or behaviour that is missing or no longer observable) = existing thoughts or behaviour Something not present (missing) in comparison with ‘normal’ people.

5. Clinical Characteristics of Schizophrenia TASK 1: In your groups, write a list and explanation of three positive symptoms and three negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

6. Reliability Create a definition for Reliability in your own words.

7. Mr Hemming’s Definition Refers to the consistency of a measuring instrument. You will produce the same results consistently. E.g. The ability of questionnaire or scale to assess symptoms of schizophrenia consistently.

8. Types of Reliability Inter-rate reliability Reliability measured in terms of whether 2 independent assessors give similar diagnoses Test-retest reliability Reliability measured in terms of whether tests used deliver the same results over time.

9. Inter-rater reliability in Schizophrenia diagnosis Reliability of the measurement tool ie. How consistent are the findings from the measurement tool, in this case scales or questionnaires. The DSM3 was produced in 1980 to improve inter-rater reliability so that all medical professionals would be able to diagnose those with schizophrenia Carson (1991) argued this would fix problems with inter-rater reliability and standardise diagnosis

10. Test-retest reliability (Ao1) There are a number of different tests used to diagnose schizophrenia. Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) is a cognitive screening test measuring neuropsychological impairment. Wilks et al (2003) used 2 forms of the test with patients over time periods of up to 134 days and found high test-retest reliability (.84) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8Mfy2im9 0UY

11. Validity Create a definition for Validity in diagnosis in your own words.

12. Mr Hemming’s Definition Refers to the extent that something is real and actually exists at the same time as being distinct from other disorders It also refers to how good the DSM measuring system actually does what it says on the tin!

13. Investigate issues of validity Work in pair and complete notes on the following issues: Comorbidity Positive or negative Symptoms Prognosis 5 mins

14. Evaluation points (A02) ReliabilityValidity Inter-rate reliabilityComorbidity & medical Complications Unreliability Symptoms Comorbidity and suicide Test-retest reliabilityEthnicity and misdiagnosis Comparing DSM & ICDSymptoms confusion In 2 groups research the A02 points above and prepare a short presentation on flipchart paper.

15. Homework Review blue boxes and complete the CAN you? Question

16. Reliability - Test-Retest Tests such as RBANS where patients are screened repeatedly for their Neuropsychological status found a that diagnosis tools are very reliable with a correlations of +.84 Prescott et al. (1986) found that other measures of attention and information processing were stable over a six month period What do cross cultural studies tell us about the reliability of measures such as DSM4 and ICD10? Use Copeland’s (1971) study to critique.

17. Demonstrate understanding Complete the can you question at the bottom of page 165 on characteristics and reliability issues in the diagnosis of schizophrenia.

18. Consolidation Explain the clinical characteristics of schizophrenia Explain the issues of reliability with classification of schizophrenia