Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.

Social Psychology The study of how people think about, influence, and relate to other people. social cognitions social influences social relations Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-2

Social Cognition How do people select, interpret, remember, and use social information? Person Perception physical attractiveness “beautiful is good” stereotype self-fulfilling prophecy composite faces, symmetry, and youthfulness first impressions Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-3

Social Cognition Attributions Attribution Theory explanations for why people behave the way they do Attribution Theory attempt to discover underlying causes of behavior internal/external causes stable/unstable causes controllable/uncontrollable causes Suggestion: Pose a scenario to students where someone (say, yourself) engages in some modestly negative behavior, such as tripping or responding to a student grumpily. Then have students suggest possible explanations for why the behavior occurred. Then compare their attributions to the types discussed on this slide. Given the fundamental attribution error which you are about to discuss on the next slide, students will tend to offer internal, stable causes. If so, prompt them to come up with external or unstable causes. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-4

Social Cognition Attribution Errors fundamental attribution error overestimate the importance of internal traits underestimate the importance of external causes observers often explain actors’ behaviors incorrectly actors often explain own behavior in terms of external causes Suggestion: If you conducted the discussion suggested for the previous slide, follow up with a discussion about the extent to which the fundamental attribution error played a role in the student responses proffered. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-5

Social Cognition Social Comparison process by which we evaluate our thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and abilities in relation to other people social comparison theory Note: Social Comparison could be viewed as analogous to norm-referenced test scores (in contrast to criterion-referenced scores) Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-6

Attitudes beliefs about people, places, and ideas. Can attitudes predict behavior? when attitudes are strong when attitudes are rehearsed when person has vested interest Can behavior predict attitudes? cognitive dissonance and self perception Note: Watch out for the difference between prediction and causation Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-7 7

Persuasion The Communicator (credibility) trustworthiness, expertise, attractiveness, likeability, similarity Medium (television versus print) The Target (age, attitude, strength) Message (rational versus emotional strategy) elaboration likelihood model central route peripheral route Suggestion: Ask students to name a celebrity or otherwise famous person whose opinion they trust. Then explore with them the reasons they trust this person, tying it in to the credibility factors on this slide. Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-8

Persuasion Successful Persuasion foot-in-the-door technique door-in-the-face technique Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-9

Social Behavior We behave in social ways toward the people around us. Two extremes of human social activity: Altruism an unselfish interest in helping someone else aggression Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-10

Prosocial Behavior The Bystander Effect Media Influence Darley and Latané (1968) individuals are less likely to help in an emergency when others are present diffusion of responsibility Media Influence Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-11

Social Influence: Obedience Milgram’s Experiments (1965, 1974) Factors that Contribute to Disobedience disobedient models authority figure not legitimate or not close by victim made to seem more human Ethical Concerns Regarding Milgram – Deception Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-12

Group Influence Group Performance social facilitation: arousal with well-learned tasks social loafing: reduced accountability Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-13

Intergroup Relations Group Identity Social Identity Ethnocentrism “us” versus “them” Social Identity define ourselves in terms of group membership Social Identity Theory in-groups versus out-groups Ethnocentrism favoring one’s own group over other groups Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-14

Close Relationships Attraction proximity we like those who like us mere exposure effect promise of acquaintanceship we like those who like us similarity consensual validation Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-15

Close Relationships: Love Romantic Love passionate love sexuality and infatuation Affectionate Love companionate love deep caring affection Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-16

Close Relationships: Love Social Exchange Theory fair exchange of “goods” minimize costs, maximize benefits Copyright © 2014 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. 13-17