Warm up 9/11 *put phones away* What is the main difference between ice, water, and steam?

Kinetic Theory and Phases

The Four States of Matter Solid Liquid Gas Plasma

Are based upon STATES OF MATTER particle arrangement energy of particles distance between particles

Kinetic Theory of matter states that particles of matter are always in motion. Forces of attraction prevent the particles from drifting apart.

Photo of a solid piece of Uranium Photo of a solid piece of Uranium. Atoms are seen moving in timed photos here.

STATES OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. Solids have a definite shape and a definite volume. Least amount of kinetic energy. Heat

LIQUID Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another. Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely. Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

VERY good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. What happens if you raise the temperature to super-high levels…between 1000°C and 1,000,000,000°C ? an ionized gas. VERY good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields. like gases, plasmas have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume.

PLASMA, cont. Liquid is the most common state of matter on Earth. Plasma is the most common state of matter in the universe Most amount of kinetic energy.

Some places where plasmas are found… Flames

Lightning

Aurora Borealis (Northern Lights)

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

Description of Phase Change PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts. Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

Description of Phase Change PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes. Gas to liquid Condensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses. Solid to gas Gas to solid Sublimation Deposition Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates. Heat leaves the solid as it deposes.

Flow Chart of Phase Changes Adding Thermal Energy sublimation melting vaporization ionization solid liquid plasma freezing condensation neutralization sublimation Removing Thermal Energy

Flow Chart of Phase Changes Adding Thermal Energy sublimation melting vaporization ionization solid liquid gas plasma freezing condensation neutralization deposition Removing Thermal Energy

Heating and Cooling Curve F T e m p oC D G C H I A B J Time (min)

Heating and Cooling Curve F T e m p oC D G C H I A B J Time (min) A = solid warming up B = Solid to liquid = melting C = Liquid is warming up D= Liquid to gas= boiling / vaporizing E= Gas is warming up F = Gas is cooling down G = Gas to liquid = condensing H = Liquid is cooling down I = Liquid to solid = freezing J= Solid is cooling down

Phase changes occur in the “flat places” = no change in temperature during the phase changes! BECAUSE all molecules are still needing to lose/gain energy so they can change phase. T E Mp oC I G B D A C H J F Time (min)

In a liquid thermometer, as the temperature rises the liquid expands (gets bigger) and rises in the tube. As the temperature falls, the liquid contracts (gets smaller) and sinks in the tube.

Thermal Energy is the total Thermal Energy is the total* kinetic energy of all the particles in a sample of matter. Temperature is a measure of the average* kinetic energy of a substance.

Vaporization Energy has to be supplied to a liquid to enable it to overcome forces that hold molecules together endothermic process (H positive) Melting Energy is supplied to a solid to enable it to vibrate more vigorously until molecules can move past each other and flow as a liquid endothermic process (H positive) Freezing Liquid releases energy and allows molecules to settle into a lower energy state and form a solid exothermic process (H negative) (we remove heat from water when making ice in freezer)

Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place. Heat Transfer Heat always moves from a warmer place to a cooler place. Hot objects in a cooler room will cool to room temperature. Cold objects in a warmer room will heat up to room temperature.