Research Methods Lesson 1 choosing a research method types of data Objectives: To know the main types of data are and what research methods sociologists use Understand the practical, ethical, and theoretical factors influencing choice of method and topic, and assess their importance

Starter Look at the photograph, As a sociologist, you want to study a particular group in school. In pairs think about the following questions… Which group might you want to study? Why? What ways could you use to find out information about the group? What prior knowledge or training might you need to carry out the research?

Why do we need to do research? Sociologists create theories to explain social phenomena but these need to be supported by evidence… Other sociologists may challenge the credibility of the theory and the sociologist. Theories may inform government policy so they need to be correct! It is the acquisition of empirical evidence that separates sociology from common sense. You need to be able to comment on whether research is ‘good evidence’ or not; in order to do this you need to understand the methods and issues involved.

Types/sources of data Quantitative data Qualitative data Numerical data e.g official statistics on how many girls achieved A*-C % of marriages ending in divorce Non-numerical data Gives a ‘feel’ for what something is like. More in-depth e.g What does it feel like to underachieve How does it feel to get divorced Often collected via in depth interviews or participant observations Primary sources of data Secondary sources of data Information collected by the sociologist for their own purposes to test their hypothesis (an untested theory) e.g Questionnaires Experiments Participant observations Information collected by someone else for their purpose, which the sociologist may then use. E.g Official statistics produced by the government (i.e unemployment figures) Documents such as newspapers, diaries, TV broadcasts

Primary Data Primary data: collected by sociologists themselves for their own purposes. To get a ‘picture’ of a group in society or to test a hypothesis. Social surveys: asking people questions in a written questionnaire or an interview Participant observation: the sociologist joins in with the activities of the group he/she is studying Experiments: sociologists rarely use lab experiments, but may use field experiments and the comparative method.

Can be costly and time consuming Primary Data Sociologists can gather precisely the information they need to test their hypotheses. Can be costly and time consuming

Secondary Data Information that has been collected or created by someone else for their own purposes, but which the sociologist can then use. Official statistics: produced by government on a wide range of issues such as education, crime, divorce and unemployment. As well as other stats produced by charities, businesses ect. Documents: such as letters, emails, diaries, photographs, official reports, newspapers, internet and television broadcasts.

Secondary Data Using secondary data can be a quick and cheap way of doing research, someone has already produced the information. Those who have produced the data may not be interested in the same questions as sociologists, so the secondary sources may not provide exactly the information that sociologists need.

Qualitative vs. quantitative data Sociologists use 2 types of data in their research. Quantitative: info in numerical form. Qualitative: ‘feel’ for what something is like. Provide rich descriptions of people’s feelings and experiences

TASK Sort the cards out into strengths and weaknesses of each type of data We will go through the answers as a class when all groups have completed this Quant-5 Qual-6 sec- 4 pri-6

Primary data - strengths The sociologist can gather the precise information they need. The data is contemporary and up-to-date.

Primary data - limitations It’s costly and time consuming. The sociologist may be limited in terms of the amount of data they can collect. The sociologist may not be able to gain personal access to the people they wish to study. Sociologists do not have the power to compel people to take part in their research. It can still be biased

Secondary data - strengths It’s a quick and cheap way of doing research. The sociologist can have access to large amounts of data.

Secondary data - limitations It may not provide the precise information the sociologist is interested in. The data may have been collected by someone/an organisation with ulterior motives and therefore may be biased.

Quantitative data - strengths Quick and easy to analyse. Enables the sociologist to identify trends and patterns over time and between groups. Generally regarded as more reliable and objective and therefore scientific.

Quantitative data - limitations It lacks detail – it doesn’t reveal the reasons for the behaviour or the meanings attached to it by those involved. May lead to overgeneralisations being made which prove to be invalid.

Qualitative data - strengths Provides rich detailed information. Allows the sociologist to appreciate the reasons for behaviour and the meanings attached to it by those involved.

Qualitative data - limitations Time consuming and difficult to analyse. Often analysis of the data requires interpretation on the part of the sociologist, it therefore may be open to bias and therefore not be valid. Sociologists may misinterpret what people say; the meaning of words differs between people. Tends to come from smaller samples limiting the extent to which generalisations can be made.

No data produced by research is perfect and when considering their limitations, the following concepts need to be considered: Reliability- data is reliable if another researcher using identical methods would produce the same results. Reliability can be checked when research is replicated. Validity- this concerns how true the data is, that is, how close the fit is between the data and reality. Data is invalid if does not match reality. Representativeness- data is representative if the individual’s studies are a typical cross section of the wider population that the researcher is interested in. If it is not, then generalisations about the wider group they represent cannot be made.

Plenary Draw a table summarising primary, secondary, qualitative and quantitative. Include one strength and one limitation of each.