3.03 Using Charts Part 2 3.03 Navigation Instructor 40 Minutes References: -FTGU pages 184-194 -Transport Canada Study and Reference Guide Glider Pilot -Canada Flight Training Manual- Pilot Navigation Instructor 40 Minutes

3.03 Navigation MTPs: Review Map Orientation Check-points/Waypoints and Map Reading Lost Procedures Magnetic Compass Calculating Compass Heading

3.03 Review Review How long is a kilometer? How long is a statute mile? How long is a nautical mile?

3.03 Review Identify the type of projection. What are its characteristics?

3.03 Review Identify the type of projection. What are its characteristics?

3.03 Review Review Label the globe with the navigation terms that you’ve learned. Add more lines if needed!

3.03 Review Rhumb line or Great Circle? 7

3.03 Review What is the difference between variation and deviation? What are isogonic lines? Agonic lines?

3.03 Map Orientation Prepping a Map for Flight: Fold to manageable size and so track is down the centre A long chart can then be folded accordion style for ease of handling Orientate chart in the aircraft so that intended track is the same as the actual aircraft orientation

3.03 Checkpoints and Waypoints Step one: Draw your track. Departure Angle Turning points End point Step two: Make Check Points/Waypoints Used to confirm track made good ETA between should be approx 10 min Passing waypoints can help determine ground speed Step Three: When flying use “Watch to chart to ground” Look at your Watch See where you should be on chart Confirm you are in correct place using ground features

3.03 Lost Procedures If You Are Lost: Hold a steady heading and check heading indicator with compass Check all previous calculation by studying char and log Check for possible unanticipated wind drift Consider climbing to increase ability to see landmarks Consider reducing power to conserve fuel Draw a circle of uncertainty

3.03 Lost Procedures If You Are Lost: Look for prominent physical features on ground that can be identified on chart If unable to locate position consider contacting ATC or other agency for assistance In extreme emergency broadcast MAYDAY on 121.5MHz / 343MHz If running low on fuel find a suitable landing area before the engine stops and forces you to land

3.03 Magnetic Compass Magnetic Compass Used to determine magnetic heading. Usually consists of one or two magnets attached to a float and a compass card that can rotate freely in a liquid. It is affected by the metal in the airplane, the electronics and the engine (deviation). Lubber line

3.03 Magnetic Compass Magnetic Compass Errors: The compass is subject to a few errors: Deviation – the metal in the airplane (and the radios and other equipment) affect the compass so that it doesn’t correctly point north. This is called deviation. Compasses are “swung” which means the airplane is aligning on a marking on the ground that is known to be pointing north, south, etc, and the error (the deviation) is written on a compass correction card. The pilot takes this into account while planning flights.

Magnetic Compass Errors: Magnetic Dip – the Earth’s lines of magnetic force are horizontal at the equator, but become vertical towards the poles. This causes the compass to dip at higher latitudes.

Magnetic Compass Errors: Northerly Turning Error When turning away from the magnetic north pole, the compass lags, When turning towards the magnetic north pole, the compass leads.

Magnetic Compass Errors: Acceleration and Deceleration Errors When an airplane changes its speed, this affects the compass. This is most noticeable on east or west headings. An acceleration will cause the compass to show (briefly) a turn north. A deceleration will cause the compass to show (briefly) a turn south. Acceleration North, Deceleration South (ANDS)

TVMDC 3.03 Compass Headings Calculating Compass Headings When we fly, we generally use the compass to figure out what direction we are heading. This doesn’t match the map though, because your map (chart) is in degrees true, while your compass uses degrees magnetic. So how do we figure out what direction to fly in? Remember variation and deviation? We do some calculations to convert from degrees true to degrees magnetic (using variation) and the to our compass heading (using deviation). True Heading →Variation→Magnetic Heading →Deviation →Compass Heading TVMDC TV Makes Dull Company

TVMDC 3.03 Compass Headings Calculating Compass Headings When variation or deviation is to the west you add it. When variation or deviation is to the east you subtract it. “West is Best (+), East is Least (-)” This only works going from True to Magnetic, if you go the other way, it is backwards! True Heading →Variation→Magnetic Heading →Deviation →Compass Heading TVMDC TV Makes Dull Company

TVMDC 3.03 Compass Headings Calculating Compass Headings Example: To convert a True Heading of 136° to a compass heading when the variation is 19° West and the deviation is 3° East: 136° +19=Magnetic Heading of 155°, 155 °- 3 = 152 ° Compass Heading. True Heading →Variation→Magnetic Heading →Deviation →Compass Heading TVMDC TV Makes Dull Company

“West is Best (+), East is Least (-)” 3.03 Compass Headings Calculating Compass Headings Fill in the blanks! True Heading Variation Magnetic Heading Deviation Compass Heading 100° 7°W 2°E 312° 12°E 4°W 21°E 6°W 243° 65° 77° 80° 355° 14°W 10°E 12° 4°E “West is Best (+), East is Least (-)” True Heading →Variation→Magnetic Heading →Deviation →Compass Heading TVMDC TV Makes Dull Company

3.03 Navigation