Thinking About Psychology The Science of Mind and Behavior 3e Charles T. Blair-Broeker & Randal M. Ernst PowerPoint Presentation Slides by Kent Korek Germantown High School Worth Publishers, © 2012

Cognition Domain

Memory

Information Processing Module 22 Information Processing

Module Overview Encoding Storage Retrieval Click on the any of the above hyperlinks to go to that section in the presentation.

Information Processing Information processing enables memory.

Module 22: Information Processing Encoding Module 22: Information Processing

Information Processing Model We, just like computers, process information in three basic steps: Encoding – process of getting information into the memory system. Storage – The retention encoded information over time. Retrieval – The process of getting information out of memory storage.

Information Processing Model

Encoding: #1The role of effort in encoding Module 22: Information Processing

Automatic Processing unconscious and without much effort encoding of certain information(like remembering where something is in your text, but not remembering details) We tend to encode place, time and frequency automatically

Effortful Processing Encoding that requires attention and conscious effort. Some processes work better than others The best processing is through rehearsal (or practice) and overlearning

Automatic/Effortful Processing

Rehearsal The conscious repetition of information. The more time spent on rehearsal, the more information one tends to remember.

Rehearsal and Retention

Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909) German philosopher who did pioneering memory studies. His conclusion, the more you rehearse, the more you retain Developed the forgetting curve, also called the “retention curve” or “Ebbinghaus curve”

Hermann Ebbinghaus Developed the forgetting curve, also called the “retention curve” or “Ebbinghaus curve”

Overlearning Continuing to rehearse even after it has been memorized Rehearsing past the point of mastery Helps ensure information will be available even under stress

Encoding: #2 The Effect of the order of information Module 22: Information Processing

Serial Position Effect The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list more easily. Primacy effect – the ability to recall information near the beginning of a list Recency effect – the ability to recall information near the end of a list (tip: devote extra time to the middle of the list)

Primacy/Recency Effect

Encoding:#3 Spacing of Rehearsal Module 22: Information Processing

Spacing Effect The tendency for distributed practice to yield better retention than is achieved through massed practice

Distributed Practice Spreading rehearsal out in several sessions separated by period of time Usually enhances the recalling of the information

Massed Practice Putting all rehearsal together in one long session (cramming) Not as effective as distributed practice

Encoding:#4 the Meaning of information to be encoded Module 22: Information Processing

Encoding meaning: rehearsal is central to encoding, but how meaningful the information is, is also important Semantic encoding: Is the process of making the material more meaningful

Semantic Encoding

Acoustic Encoding Encoding information based on the sounds of the information (semantic encoding still better)

Acoustic Encoding

Visual Encoding Encoding information based on the images of the information (semantic encoding still better)

Visual Encoding

Self-Reference Effect Enhanced semantic encoding of information that is personally relevant Making information meaningful to a person by making it relevant to one’s life

Encoding:#5 Encoding Visual Imagery Module 22: Information Processing

Encoding Imagery Visual images easily encode Visual images tend to stick in our minds, especially extremely positive or negative images

Encoding:#6 the use of Mnemonic Devices Module 22: Information Processing

Formal term for a memory trick or technique. Mnemonic Device Formal term for a memory trick or technique. “Every good boy does fine” to remember the notes on the lines of the scale “People say you could have odd lots of good years” as a way to remember how to spell “psychology” What are some other common mnemonic devices? (daylight savings, months with 31 days, MUDA)

Method of Loci Mnemonic device in which you associate items you want to remember with imaginary places

Peg-Word System Mnemonic device in which you associate items you want to remember with a list of words already you have already memorized Goal is to visualize the items to remember with the items on the pegs

Peg Word System

Encoding:#7 Organizing Information Module 22: Information Processing

You can encode more efficiently if you organize your information first Chunking: Organizing information into meaningful units. More information can be encoded if organized into meaningful chunks.

Chunking Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters.

Chunking Take ten seconds to memorize the above line of letters.

Chunking

Hierarchy Hierarchies are organizational systems that focus on the relationship between pieces of information. Most familiar example: outline for a paper or essay, or the periodic table. Activity: meaningful chunks

Module 22: Information Processing Storage Module 22: Information Processing

Three Storage Systems Three distinct storage systems : Sensory Memory Short-Term Memory (includes Working Memory) Long-Term Memory

Storage: Sensory Memory Module 22: Information Processing

Sensory Memory Brief, initial coding of sensory information in the memory system. Iconic store – visual information Information held just long enough to make a decision on its importance (less than half a second) Echoic Store – Auditory or sound information (3- 4 seconds) Sometimes we can retrieve information although we don’t remember hearing it

Storage: Short-Term/Working Memory Module 22: Information Processing

Short-Term Memory The part of your memory system that contains information you are conscious aware of before it is stored more permanently or forgotten. Can retain the information as long as it is rehearsed (otherwise about 20 seconds) Also called “working memory” because of the active auditory and visual processing that occurs More permanent than sensory memory, but more limited Holds approximately seven, plus or minus two, chunks of information We can use chunking to increase short term memory

Short-Term Memory

Storage: Long-Term Memory Module 22: Information Processing

Long-Term Memory The relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system. Holds memories without conscious effort Long term memory is encoded because of rehearsing or because of personal meaning. No one really knows our capacity for long term memory but supposedly we can hold onto a memory for about a century

A type of Long Term Memory: Flashbulb Memory A vivid, clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event. Can be personal memories or centered around a shared event Birth of a child, your first new car, 9-11, etc.

Storage: Memory and the Brain Module 22: Information Processing

Feats of Memory Anyone Can Do Ted Talk 20 mins We now know that our brain does not function like a tape recorder, holding permanent accurate records of every experience, ready to be played back when needed. Current research says that our brains build memories using myriad bits and pieces of information (like a jigsaw puzzle) When we are missing information we fill it in, and not always accurately!

Long-Term Potentiation An increase in a synapse’s firing efficiency that occurs when the sequence of neurons that represents a particular memory fires repeatedly; believed to be the neural basis of learning and memory Learning and memory stimulate the neurons to release chemicals at the synapses, making it easier for the neurons to fire again in the future.

Others effects on Long term potentiation 1)A blow to the head can disrupt neural function and the formation of new memories. 2)Drugs can also enhance or disrupt memories by interacting with the neurotransmitters necessary for long- term potentiation Ex: Alcohol – can cause the alcohol induced memory “blackout” that sometime comes after a period of heavy drinking.

3)Stress: stress hormones also affect memory 3)Stress: stress hormones also affect memory. Stress is the body’s response to danger. It is important we retain details of dangerous situations so that we can protect ourselves in the future. Stress can also enhance memory. The hormones tell your body that something significant is happening and they trigger biological changes that stimulate the formation of memories.

Storage: Explicit and Implicit Memories Module 22: Information Processing

Explicit Memory The memory of facts and experiences. Ex: what was the weather like this weekend, what did you eat this morning, what is your mom’s name There is a conscious effort to recall this info Processed through the hippocampus

Explicit Memories

Explicit Memories

Implicit Memory The memory of skills and procedures. Like riding a bike. Your ability to form this task relies on memory but it isn’t conscious. Processed through the cerebellum P.405

Implicit Memories

Implicit Memories

Memory and the Hippocampus Damage to the hippocampus would result in the inability to form new explicit memories, but the ability to remember the skills of implicit memories would remain intact Clive Wearing

Memory and the Hippocampus

Module 22: Information Processing Retrieval Module 22: Information Processing

Retrieval The process of getting information out of memory storage Two forms of retrieval Recall Recognition

Recall The type of retrieval in which you must search for information that you previously stored as on a fill-in-the- blank test.

Recognition The type of retrieval in which you must identify items you learned earlier, as on a multiple choice test.

Retrieval: Jill Price: The Woman Who Couldn't Forget

Module 22: Information Processing Retrieval: Context Module 22: Information Processing

Context Effect The enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in an environment similar to the one in which you encoded the information.

Context Effect

Retrieval: State Dependency Module 22: Information Processing

State Dependent Memory The enhanced ability to retrieve information when you are in the same physical and emotional state you were in when you encoded the information. The retrieval state is congruent with the encoding state

The End

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Teacher Information Domain Coding Key Terms and Definitions in Red Just as the textbook is organized around the APA National Standards, these Powerpoints are coded to those same standards. Included at the top of almost every slide is a small stripe, color coded to the APA National Standards. Scientific Inquiry Domain Biopsychology Domain Development and Learning Domain Social Context Domain Cognition Domain Individual Variation Domain Applications of Psychological Science Domain Key Terms and Definitions in Red To emphasize their importance, all key terms from the text and their definitions are printed in red. To maintain consistency, the definitions on the Powerpoint slides are identical to those in the textbook.

Teacher Information Hyperlink Slides - Immediately after the unit title slide, a page (usually slide #4 or #5) can be found listing all of the module’s subsections. While in slide show mode, clicking on any of these hyperlinks will take the user directly to the beginning of that subsection. This allows teachers quick access to each subsection. Continuity slides - Throughout this presentations there are slides, usually of graphics or tables, that build on one another. These are included for three purposes. By presenting information in small chunks, students will find it easier to process and remember the concepts. By continually changing slides, students will stay interested in the presentation. To facilitate class discussion and critical thinking. Students should be encouraged to think about “what might come next” in the series of slides. Please feel free to contact me at korek@germantown.k12.wi.us with any questions, concerns, suggestions, etc. regarding these presentations. Kent Korek Germantown High School Germantown, WI 53022

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