FACULTY OF ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY & RESEARCH CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY Prepared by Patel Milin 130840106041 Patel Mohammed 130840106042 Patel Akash 130840106028 Patel Paresh 130840106043 Guided by: Prof. I.I. Chisty

Structural Geology Structural geology is the study of rocks deformed by stress and strain This involves trying to understand stress and strain forces to find solution of its pre-deformed state

When working in the field, Strike and Dip measurements are used to determine the orientation of rock units and other features Strike – The compass direction of a line at the intersection of a geologic plane and a horizontal plane (water line) Dip – The angle between the inclined plane and horizontal, perpendicular to strike

Folds, faults, and unconformities are the three main features that structural geologists examine Folds occur when originally horizontal rock units deform under compressive forces. Common types of folds are anticlines and synclines.

• For every fold there is a fold axis, which is in the axial plane Fold Terminology Limb Axis of Fold Axial Plane Crest Trough Plunge

• Some folds may plunge, these are called plunging folds Plunging anticlines and synclines have complex surface expressions

Types of Folds I. Based on Bending. 1. Anticlines 3. Antiform. 2 Types of Folds I. Based on Bending 1. Anticlines 3. Antiform 2. Synclines 4. Synform

II. Based on Position of Axial Plane 1. Symmetrical folds 2 II. Based on Position of Axial Plane 1. Symmetrical folds 2.Asymmetrical folds 3.Overturned Folds 4. Recumbent Folds

Reverse – Hanging wall moves up relative to the footwall, caused by compression (shortening)

Faults are breaks in rock units were movement has occurred Faults are breaks in rock units were movement has occurred. There are three major types of faults Normal – Hanging wall (top surface) moves down relative to the footwall (bottom surface), caused by tension (extension)

Strike-Slip – Movement along the fault is horizontal, parallel to the strike of the fault plane. If, standing on one side of the fault, the block on the other side is displaced to the right, the fault is termed right-lateral. If the block on the other side is displaced to the left, the fault is termed left lateral Is this fault right-lateral or left-lateral? Left-lateral

Unconformities are surfaces where erosion has occurred and represent gaps in the geologic record. There are three types of unconformities Angular Unconformity – An unconformity in which the upper and lower layers are not parallel Disconformity – An unconformity in which the upper and lower layers are horizontal Nonconformity – An unconformity in which the upper layers overlie metamorphic or igneous rocks

References Geology by R S Khurmi Geology by Parbin Singh