1. Folding
Ductile (Plastic)
Deformation

3. Identify the foot wall block. Identify the hanging wall block.
Is this a strike-slip or dip-slip fault?
Is this fault caused by tensional or compressional forces?
Is this a normal or reverse fault?

4. Earthquakes (elastic strain) Folds (ductile strain)
Stress (a compressional, tensional, or shear force)
Elastic Limit point
Fracture point
Deformation Region
Elastic
Ductile
Brittle
Earthquakes occur in this region due to Elastic Rebound
There is NO permanent deformation
This does not create a break in the Earth. The earth is already broken.
This is just slippage along the break.
Earthquakes (elastic strain)
Folds (ductile strain)
Faults (brittle strain)
All of the folds occur in this region as the Earth is bent but not broken.
Anticlines, Synclines, Monoclines, Basins, Domes
Normal, Reverse, and Strike-slip faults
All of the faults occur in this region as the Earth is broken.

5. Folded Structures
Anticlines
Synclines
Monoclines
Basins
Domes

6. Anticlines

7. Anticline - oldest rock formation in the middle.

10. Syncline - youngest rock formation in the middle.

11. Syncline in Eastern Tennessee

12. Fold Geometry
Symmetrical
Asymmetrical
Overturned

15. Plunge
Measured from a horizontal line.

16. Plunge - the inclination of the fold axis

17. Fold Geometry

18. Anticlines and Synclines

19. Monocline

20. Monocline
Peru Monocline – caused by basement-block faulting

21. Domes
Oldest rock in center
Basins
Youngest rock in center

22. Map view of structures
Map Symbols

23. Horizontal
Strata

24. Inclined
Strata

25. Dome

26. Black Hills Dome

27. Black Hills
Geology

28. Basin

29. Plunging
Anticlines
And
Synclines

31. Sheep Mountain Anticline, Wyoming

32. What causes folding and faulting
Anticlines and synclines – compression
Basins – subsidence, the sinking of the ground due to crustal thinning.
Monoclines – basement block faulting
Domes – intrusions
Normal Faults – tension
Reverse Faults – compression
Strike-Slip Faults – shear stress

33. 1. Name this structure. Which is older A or B
1. Name this structure. Which is older A or B? Do the layer dip away from or towards the center? Is this structure caused by tension, compression, or shear stress?
Name this structure. Do the layers dip away from or toward the center of this structure? Is this structure caused by tension, compression, subsidence, or an intrusion?
3. ID the foot wall. ID the hanging wall. Is this a dip-slip or strike-slip fault? Is this a normal, reverse, left-lateral, or right lateral fault? What caused this fault, tension, compression, or shear stress?
4. Is this a dip-slip or strike-slip fault? Is it caused by tension, compression, or shear stress. Name this fault.
5. ID axis D and E. Label points F and G. Label areas A, B, and C.

35. Wisconsin Arch
Mich. Basin
Cincinnati Arch
Nashville Dome
Ozark Dome
Forest City Basin
Kankakee Arch
Illinois Basin
Mississippi Rvr. Arch