Nathan Hale HS West Allis, WI Absolutism in Central Europe Nathan Hale HS West Allis, WI

The Hohenzollerns & Brandenburg-Prussia

Prussian Family Crest

Growth of Austria & Brandenburg-Prussia to 1748

Frederick William – the Great Elector United Prussia and Brandenburg (his home) by following example set by Louis XIV Established large standing army funded by strict tax code and governed by military commission Welcomed French Protestants…

The Junkers In quest to strengthen Prussia-Brandenburg, Frederick William developed partnership with nobles Nobles were exempted from taxation; heavy burden on peasants Nobles control lands/serfs King can enforce without nobility

King Frederick I In Prussia (r.1701-1713) Frederick III of Brandenburg Formerly: Frederick III of Brandenburg (r. 1688-1701) Continued consolidation of power Frederick granted status of King (although Prussia not a kingdom) in return for military assistance to HRE in War of Spanish Succession

Frederick William I “Soldier King” 1713-1740 Absolute power (submit requests & decides…Kabinett) General Directory consolidated all departments… easy control Taxes on nobles/feudal dues = $ Perfect subject was smart, religious, and unquestioning

Prussian Army Districts had recruit levies Tallest, slim, pale personal regiment Military became highest social class Junkers are attracted… puts king over nobility via command structure Best drilled army, power not aggression “other nations possessed armies, the Prussian army possessed its nation”

Europe in 1740

The Habsburgs & the Holy Roman Empire

Habsburg Family Crest

Austrian Empire: 1657-1718

Leopold I Holy Roman Emperor Restricted Protestantism in realm Secured Empire from final Ottoman attack (1683)

Charles VI Holy Roman Emperor Issued Pragmatic Sanction to maintain the whole of Hapsburg possessions Heir Maria Theresa ruled for next 40 Years

Schönbrunn Palace

Schönbrunn Palace

Schönbrunn Palace

Prussia & the Austrian Empire: 1721-72

Nathan Hale HS West Allis, WI Early Russian History Nathan Hale HS West Allis, WI

Topography of Russia

Themes in Russian History Expansion by conquest. Need for warm-water ports. The necessity of a strong, central government.

Early Russia

Early Byzantine Influences: Orthodox Christianity

Early Byzantine Influences: Orthodox Christianity

Russian Boyars

The Mongols Invade Russia

Ivan the Great (r. 1462-1505) Ivan III Tearing the Great Khan’s Letter Requesting More Tribute in 1480.

Ivan III “The Great” Moscow prince: buys/defeats Novgorod & other rivals Tsar/autocratic rule Stops recognizing Mongol authority 1453: Turks take Constantinople Third (final) Rome – Caesars and Orthodoxy Divine right and intersession Move conquered nobles near Moscow Land to the loyal (service nobility)

Russia in the Late 1500s

Ivan IV “The Terrible” Defeats Mongols Uses secret police to eliminate rivals Cossacks-were limited by tying them to the noble/land Nobles must serve tsar to own land Consolidation of power (service!) Rule as head of house (over slaves, kids…) Monopolies (trade/resources belong to the state)

Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645)

Michael Romanov Elected by nobles… restoration Cossack rebellions Resistance to Patriarch Nikon’s reforms Concept of Moscow being the Third Rome… damn Turks!

Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917) Romanov Family Crest

The Pendulum of Russian History Pro-West For Progress & Change Encourage New Ideas, Technologies, etc. Anti-West Isolationist Xenophobic Ultra-Conservative A few Tsars Intellectual elites Merchants/businessmen Young members of the middle class. Most Tsars Russian Orthodox Church Military Boyars peasants REFORM-MINDED LEADER DEMAGOGUE

Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)

Peter Make a standing army…infantry Unofficial tour of the West Great Northern War (eventually beats Charles XII of Sweden) Reforms Service in civil/miltary for all nobles Universities and academies 5 years away from home(noble boys) Meritocracy Serfs work in state owned mines/factories

More Western Influence Builds St. Petersburg in French/It way No beards… beard tax Educated nobility…court awarness

Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern War