1. The Age of Absolutism…

2. France In the Age of Absolutism

3. Henry IV (r. 1589-1610) – Bourbon King of France, –Huguenot converted to Catholicism Edict of Nantes - France’s Tax System (3 Estates) - Parisian Exception - Duke of Sully -

4. Louis XIII (r 1610-1643) Cardinal Richelieu – ruled as his chief minister Goal – Huguenot Policies – Indendents - Shift in Power -

5. The 30 Years War Protestant Uprising in the Holy Roman Empire Richelieu’s view on the war Effects – –Treaty of Westphalia 1648

6. Fronde Rebellion – suspicious of France’s nobility The building of Versailles Ruled by the Divine Right of Kings Louis XIV (r. 1643-1715)

7. Domestic & Economic Policies No decisions w/out Louis’s approval Jean Baptiste Colbert – financial minister –Colbert’s policies Wars -

8. Louis XIV’s Wars Strongest, most powerful military in Europe Extend France’s natural borders Balance of power

10. Russia Today

11. Former Soviet Region Compared in Latitude & Area with the United States

12. Topography of Russia

13. Rich Soil of the Steppes Chernozen Soil

14. Siberia  “Permafrost” Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C  Average temperatures of January vary from 0 to -50°C, and in July from 1 to 25°C  150,000,000 population.  A former “gulag” Soviet prison camp.

15. Themes in Russian History  Expansion by conquest.  Need for warm-water ports.  The necessity of a strong, central government.

16. Michael Romanov (r. 1613-1645) Romanov Family Crest Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)

17. The Pendulum of Russian History Pro-West For Progress & Change Encourage New Ideas, Technologies, etc. Anti-West Isolationist Xenophobic Ultra-Conservative  Most Tsars  Russian Orthodox Church  Supported by the Military, Boyars (nobility) & peasants  A few Tsars  Intellectual elites  Merchants/ businessmen  Young members of the middle class. REFORM-MINDED LEADERS DEMAGOGUES

18. Peter the Great (r. 1682-1725)  Main Goal was to Westernize Russia

19. Foreign Policy  Goal: To end Russia land locked situation  Acquire the Sea of Azov  Land was controlled by the Ottoman Turks  Needed help from Europe & a stronger Russia  Traveled through Europe (secretly)  Attempted to negotiate an alliance – failed  Learned much about the western culture

20. Russia & Sweden After the Great Northern War  Improved Army training & weaponry using western techniques and strategies  War with Sweden  1721 gained land on the Gulf of Finland

21. Westernization  Moved capital to Moscow  Social Development  Women  Beards  Encouraged manufacturing and foreign trade  Modernized the army & reformed the government.

22. The Nobility Under Peter the Great  Nobility & Orthodox Church came under Peter’s control.  Highly centralized government  “Service Nobility” –  Absolute power & the Church

23. Catherine the Great ( 1762- 1796)  Came to power after the murder of Peter III

24. Catherine the Great ( 1762- 1796)  As an Enlightened Ruler:  Supported the arts, sciences, literature & theater  Encouraged foreign investment in underdeveloped areas  Est. the Free Economic Society  Wanted to end serfdom but instead expanded it (1773)  Relaxed censorship & encouraged education for the nobility & middle class

25. Catherine the Great ( 1762- 1796)  On Foreign Policy & Expansion:  Expanded Russian land by 200,000 sq miles  Led 2 successful wars against the Ottoman Empire, annexing Crimea  3 Polish Land grabs  1767 – New Constitution

26. The End