Chapter 20 Criminal and Juvenile Justice Section 1 Crime in American Society - Crime cost billions of dollars each year - Urban areas tend to have more crime than any other - There are several types of crime - Crime against people are called violent crimes

Types of Crimes -Assault- no physical contact, and battery- physical contact - Killing someone is known as homicide, when it is intentional it is called murder - Crimes against property are the most common crimes - Most involve stealing - Larceny is taking things without violence, robbery is by force or threat, and burglary is breaking and entering

Types of Crime (Cont’d) - White-collar crime refers to nonviolent crimes that take place at work for personal gain - Embezzling is stealing money that is entrusted in your care - Victim-less crimes occur when you do something against the law, but it does not harm anyone else, like illegal drug use

Crimes Against the Government - Crimes against the government is called treason, it is the only crime defined in the Constitution - Treason is the betrayal of one’s country by helping its enemies or by making war against it - Terrorism is crime in which people use or say they will use violence to get what they want from the government or society

Causes of Crime There are many causes of crime, especially poverty When people can not earn enough money to support themselves or their families, many of them turn to crime Some people are also losing their sense of right and wrong Bad parenting and drug use are also causes of crime, so is mental illness Some people just commit crimes over and over, called recidivism

Section 2 The Criminal Justice System - There are several steps in the criminal justice system - The first is the arrest - To arrest their must be probable cause - a good reason or a warrant- a legal paper issued by the court giving the police permission to seize a person or their possessions - According to Miranda v. Arizona, police must read rights to individuals during arrest - The suspect is then taken to court for a preliminary hearing where the suspect appears before a judge, bail is set

- The Grand Jury or judge, hears evidence and formally charges the suspect with the crime- indictment - Next is the arraignment, the defendant can plead guilty and accept a plea bargain, or they can plead not guilty- a trial date is set - In the trial, the prosecution and defense present cases to a jury or a judge and they can cross-examine the other side's witness who give testimony under oath - Afterwards the jury or a judge reaches a verdict

- If a jury cannot agree on a verdict, a hung jury is declared and the process starts all over if the prosecution decides to retry the case - If the defendant is acquitted or find not guilty then they go free - If they are found guilty then the judge sentences the defendant - Cities and counties run jails that hold people waiting for trial

Adversarial System - The justice system is known as the Adversarial System of justice because the two sides - prosecution and defense act as adversaries (they are against each other) -Each “player” in the court has a role - Jury- determines the facts and decides the decision - Judge- impartial- usually keeps and maintains order

- After the verdict, people accused of serious crimes go to prison - An inmate's time served can be reduced through parole - Prisons are often overcrowded as governments deal with ways to reduce crime

Proposals for Fighting Crime - Community watch - Mandatory sentencing - Trying to rehabilitate offenders- teaching them how to live productive lives, are all options

Section 3 The Juvenile System of Justice - Until the late 1800s juveniles-someone not yet legally an adult, were thrown into jail with adults when they committed crimes - Some people argued that these juvenile delinquents- a juvenile who commits a crime- should be treated differently

- Juvenile courts are state courts that deal with juvenile matters - Most states identify a juvenile as anyone under 18, but this varies

- A juvenile who is found guilty of a crime that is only against the law for youths, like running away, is called a status offender - When juveniles are charged with a crime, the main goal of the system is to rehabilitate (correct the behavior) them, not punishment

Juvenile Criminal Procedure - When juveniles are arrested the caregivers are called first - depending on the crime they are either sent home or to a detention center An intake is held to determine of the juvenile should be taken to court or if the case should be dismissed - if it is dismissed the juveniles are usually sent to programs to help them

- At the initial hearing the judge decides if the young person may be guilty - Next, at the adjudicatory hearing, takes the place of a trial- there is no public hearing and no jury - The dispositional hearing is where the judge decides the sentence

- Aftercare is given to young people after they are released from a juvenile facility- called the detention center - Juvenile records are usually expunged when they reach adulthood - Besides detention, juveniles often go to community based treatment facilities, and diversion programs- that try to educate at-risk youths before a crime takes place

- Many believe that if youths are helped now, they will less likely to commit crimes as adults - In Re Gault, the Supreme Court gave juveniles many of the rights that belong to adults - Juveniles have the right to counsel, the right to confront witnesses, and the right not to incriminate themselves Jury trial? No. Lack of privacy.