Pastoralism and land tenure security: Lessons from IFAD-supported projects Steven Jonckheere Knowledge Management Officer 2017 World Bank Conference on Land and Poverty, World Bank, Washington DC, March 20-24 2017

Issues and challenges for securing pastoral governance of tenure Pastoralism and rangelands Extensive livestock production Rangeland ecosystems People, livestock and land Land use in rangelands Fodder and water Flexibility and reciprocity Mobility Customary land tenure Challenges Relationships between states and pastoralist Managing conflicting interests Participation mechanisms Specific legal requirements Integrated land-use planning

IFAD’s engagement in improving the governance of pastoral lands Specialised UN agency Strategic Framework 2016-2025 Principles for engagement Alignment Do-no-harm diversity of tenure systems Empowerment Gender Production services and market linkages Between 2003 and 2015 29 projects for US$ 497 million Strengthening institutions Promoting sustainable NRM Avoiding and managing conflict Developing policy and legal frameworks

Strengthening institutions Mongolia Senegal Context Transition to private livestock ownership Expansion of irrigated cultivation and recurrent drought Approach Pasture herder groups Responsible managing their common pasture unit Community-based pasture management plans Common interest herder groups Pastoral units Resource management units following a borehole 2 principles: resource management & empowering communities Results 120 PHG Inclusive and sustainable community-based pasture management 22 PU Reduced number of conflicts Sustainable NRM Mobilisation of partnerships

Promoting sustainable natural resource management Lesotho Tajikistan Context Degradation of the natural grazing lands Growing number of livestock, emergence of commercial livestock farmers and further deterioration of natural pastures Approach Climate-smart participatory rangeland management Delineating grazing areas Establishing stocking rates Developing grazing plans Climate-resilient community livestock and pasture management Pasture user unions Community livestock and pasture management plans Results Strengthening decision-making Reducing gully erosion 80 000 ha of pastures managed by 203 PUUs Pasture rotation

Avoiding and managing conflict Tanzania Chad Context Increased population pressures & diversification of land use patterns Access to increasingly scarce natural resources has generated fierce competition Approach Joint village land use planning and land certification Participatory rangeland mapping Certificate of customary right of occupancy Collaborative management of pastoral resources water point management committees Pond surveillance committees Livestock corridor management committees Results Protection and certification of a shared grazing area Scaling up Reduced conflict risk “Social capital"

Developing policy and legal frameworks Kyrgystan Context Grazing concentrated to local pastures year-round Approach Supporting the implementation of the Pasture Law Support legal and regulatory reforms Capacity-building of the PUUs Results 2009 Pasture law Pasture management improvement Grants Minimum Standards for Sustainable Pastoral Development (2012) Special Session of the Farmers’ Forum with Pastoralists and Livestock Breeders (2016) Global gathering of women pastoralists (2010)

Conclusion Respect for pastoral system & three pillars: Farmers’ Forum Resources (water, land) Societal (families, chiefdoms, institutions) Economic (livestock) Farmers’ Forum Continue to implement policy on improving access to land and tenure security with specific attention to the security and tenure of pastoralist communal land and the governance of natural resources Particular attention should be devoted to cross border movement, mobility and conflict in these areas Land tenure security is necessary, but it is not sufficient for sustainable rural poverty reduction