TASHKENT MEDICAL ACADEMY CHAIR OF PUBLIC SCIENCES № 1 Cognition.Scientific cognition.

The plan: 1.Cognition as a subject of philosophical analysis. 2. Types and forms of cognition 3. Theory of truth 4. Scientific cognition

"The most amazing thing in this world - is that it is knowable"                                        Albert Einstein

"Learning how to study draws substantially to the report"                                          M. Heidegger

Epistemology (Gr. gnosis - knowledge and logos - teaching) - theory of knowledge of being.  Epistemology examines principles, laws, forms, stages and levels of cognitive activity of the subject, as well as derived from principles and legal requirements and criteria that achieve true knowledge. Theory of Knowledge explores the learning process as ordinary, everyday level, and general scientific forms, methods of cognition.

Knowledge - it is a complex process associated with the activity of the brain. This process involves reflection of the senses of reality, the selection of the learning subject that interested at the moment, as well as the synthesis of the information received and the selected information.

 The object and purpose of knowledge is to learn the truth, that through the study of various phenomena reveal their essence, their deep, sustained by the parties and faces.

Even in ancient philosophy sophists and Socrates was the first to formulate the main, the main philosophical question as a matter of man's relationship to nature, subject to object, thinking and being.

In modern times, Francis Bacon and Descartes deepened the theory of knowledge as for the subject to the object.  The subject, according to Descartes - is an individual that is a carrier of the cognitive, thinking 'I'.

Object - this is something that is directed cognitive activity of the subject, that is, the whole world around us.

Al-Ghazali stated:   "Powerless to know the end is the knowledge of the glory of the One who has created a way for people to his knowledge only through impotence to know Him."

Theory of knowledge The modern theory of knowledge

Everyday cognition of being based on the everyday experience of people and common sense when assessing the knowledge gained. Artistic perception is based on a sensory-shaped display in people's minds to reality and gives information about the primary functioning world.

Mystical and religious knowledge, which is characterized by a fantastic view of the transcendental world. Humanity has developed and a special kind of knowledge, specifically looking for the truth, the exact knowledge. This scientific knowledge, the specific features that are systemic and proof, the availability of accurate methods of understanding the world, society, man.

Basic levels of human cognition Feeling - a reflection in the mind of individual properties and the sides of the object, which by themselves do not provide a holistic view and understanding of the object. Perception is a synthesis of sensations, engendering a complete image of the object.  Representation - a visual reproduction of past perceptions through memory and imagination.

Form of rational knowledge EXAMPLES: Concept - the apple is the fruit of a dog is an animal, Ivan-man.Cat -Murka.

The judgment is YES - "Now the rain," "Today, April 1" and negative "Today, no rain will," "Tomorrow, we can not go on a trip," etc.

Hat reasoning - the logical conclusion was truly faithful need 2 conditions: 1 - the original judgment (parcels) must be true, ie, be true; 2 - right in accordance with the laws of logic should be the process of removal from the assumptions conclusions.

1) All men are mortal - sending; 2) Socrates - a man of the parcel; Socrates is mortal - conclusion.

1) Socrates - a man; 2) All men are immortal; Socrates is immortal - a false conclusion.

  Cognitive activities of the human subconscious is called intuitive knowledge. Intuition - it's immediate, illogical discretion as true knowledge of the properties of the object, which under these conditions it is impossible to prove the other way. Intuition is not opposed to the actions of the senses and the mind, but complements them, speaking in an indissoluble unity with the sensible and rational elements in knowledge.

Modern psychology and neuroscience can confidently assert that intuition involves a number of distinct stages; 1) accumulation and distribution and unconscious patterns and abstractions in the system memory; 2) combining and unconscious processing of accumulated abstractions, images and rules in order to solve a particular problem;

3) a clear awareness of the problem; 4) unexpected for the person to find the solution (the proof, finding a military solution) that satisfies the above problem. In the modern theory of knowledge intuitive knowledge takes place, equal and sensuous, and rational knowledge.

The main task of knowledge - a search for the truth. Truth - is the correspondence between our knowledge and understanding of the world the world itself, the objective reality.

Aristotle is the author of the "classical" concept of truth. This concept interprets the truth as conformity of thought, knowledge, reality, and lies - as a mismatch of thought to the real situation. In his "Metaphysics," he writes, "to talk about what is, what it is not, or about the support that it is - so to speak false, and say that things there are not a carrier, so to speak the truth."

Objective truth - it is the content of our knowledge, which does not depend on one person, nor of all mankind. Absolute truth - is a complete knowledge of the completed object of knowledge that can not be refuted, and the relative truth - is incomplete, incomplete knowledge of the subject knowledge.

Knowledge of the world - is not only theoretical but also vital, practical process. Viewed from a philosophical point of view of human experience - is the overall activity of mankind by conscious and purposive nature of the transformation, the formation of social relations, the process of labor in the unity of the social and historical conditions of its operation. Only practice shows the truth or falsity of a theory.

Science - is knowledge, tested and proven practices listed in the system and explain the present and predict the future. Explanation and prediction is an important function of scientific knowledge. SCIENCE

Specific features of scientific knowledge are: - Specialized languages ​​of science, educated holistic systems of concepts, theories, hypotheses, laws and other ideal forms contained in natural or artificial languages. - Use your specific means applicable to individual or related disciplines. - Application-specific methods of operation - Focus on the objective truth of knowledge, because if there is no truth, there is no science. - The organic link with practice and focus on practice.

Scientific knowledge is different from the ordinary action oriented, focused, clear fixation results of cognition with the obligatory theoretical reflection and an adjustment in the arsenal of science.

Based on the empirical level of knowledge is Observation - suitable perception of real phenomena associated with their description and measurement. Comparison - identifying similar and different parties in the process, object, phenomenon. Experiment - the active, purposeful and practical activities, in which the researcher selects or creates an object of research and the environment in which it operates.