The American Pageant Chapter 12 Cover Slide The American Pageant Chapter 12 The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism, 1812-1824 Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

British Sacking Washington, 1814 Thinking that the British would attack Baltimore, the government failed to provide an adequate defense of Washington. On August 25, 1814, after their victory at Bladensburg, the British entered Washington unopposed, "for the barbarous purpose of destroying the city," confessed a British officer. After setting much of the city ablaze, the British withdrew on August 26 and President Madison returned the following day. (Anne S. K. Brown Military Collection, Brown University Library) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans, artist unknown Ballou's Pictorial Drawing-Room Companion depicts the Battle of New Orleans, the last campaign of the War of 1812. Andrew Jackson's troops--army regulars, Tennessee and Kentucky volunteers, and two companies of African American volunteers from New Orleans--held off the better-trained British troops in January of 1815. The battle made Andrew Jackson a national hero. (Historic New Orleans Collection) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Treaty of Fort Jackson imposed on Creek nation by Andrew Jackson Andrew Jackson imposed the Treaty of Fort Jackson on the Creek nation, ending the campaign against the Red Sticks. The treaty required the Creeks to pay the costs of the war, which Jackson estimated as the equivalent of 20 million acres. In moving the Creeks out of what is now central Alabama, Jackson initiated the Indians' forced removal from the south. Ironically, of the thirty-five chiefs who made their mark on the treaty, part of which is shown here, only one was a member of the Creek nation. (National Archives) Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Major Campaigns of the War of 1812 The land war centered on the U.S.-Canadian border, the Chesapeake Bay, and the Louisiana and Mississippi Territories. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.

Map: Trails to the West, 1840 Trails to the West, 1840 By 1840 several trails carried pioneers from Missouri and Illinois to the West. Copyright © Houghton Mifflin Company. All rights reserved.