EE6501 POWER SYSTEM ANALYSIS UNIT I INTRODUCTION Maharaja. K, Assistant Professor, Sri Ramakrishna Institute of Technology, Coimbatore.

UNIT I INTRODUCTION Need for system planning and operational studies Basic components of a power system Introduction to restructuring Single line diagram – per phase and per unit analysis – Generator – transformer – transmission line and load representation for different power system studies Primitive network – construction of Y-bus using inspection and singular transformation methods – z-bus.

Todays Lecture Role of Power System in society Basic components of a power system Introduction to restructuring Organizational Structure

What is Power System? A system that deals with the business of : Generation Transmission Distribution of Electrical Energy. Large and most complex man made system. Power system provides a vital service tot the society.

Power System Electrical power system is somewhat like the air we breathe: We think about it is missing. It should be operated with the goal of achieving: Highest reliability standards Lowest operation cost Minimum environmental impacts

Functions of Power System SMES Flywheel Compressed Air Storage Source of Fuel Energy Conversion Transmission & Distribution Energy Conversion (Utilization) SMES- Super Conducting Magnetic Energy Storage

Power Generation

Power Generation (1/2) The system in which other type of energy converted into electrical energy is called as a power generation system or power plant. Generally power plant geographically dispersed. A power plant may house more the one generating units

Power Generation (2/2) Types of power generating units (Based on Energy Resources) Hydrocarbons (Oil, Coal, Natural gas, etc) Water Nuclear Solar Wind Tidal Chemical Geothermal

Installed Capacity (As on 31.05.2017) Courtesy: Central Electricity Authority

Power Transmission

Transmission Networks Connect generating plants to consumption points- Use Remote Energy Sources Interconnect power pools- Reduce Generation reserve & Cost, increase reliability High voltage AC Transmission HVDC Transmission

High Voltage Transmission Offers: Lower transmission losses/ MW transfer Lower line-voltage drop Higher transmission capacity Reduced right-of-way requirement/MW Transfer Lower capital and operating costs/ MW transfer

Power Transmission Equipment Transformers Step-up transformers Step-down transformers Voltage regulators Phase shifters- To control real power flows Transmission Lines & Cables Circuit Breakers & Isolators Shunt & Series Reactors & Capacitors Lightning Arresters Protective Relays FACTS Devices (SVC, Statcom, TCSC, UPFC etc) Converter/ Inverter

Standard Transmission voltages in India: AC Transmission: 765 kV 400 kV 220 kV 132 kV DC Transmission: 500 kV

Power Distribution System

Power Distribution System Receives electrical energy from the HV/ MV levels Supplies energy to customers: At MV/ LV levels -33kV, 22kV, 11kV, 3.3V Single Phase and/or three-phase

Main Equipment in Distribution System Distribution transformer Feeders (Overhead lines or Underground cables) Switches, Fuses etc. Protective Relays Lightning Arresters CT/ PT

Power Utility Structure Traditional Control by Single Entity Restructured (Deregulated) Unbundled-separate entity

Traditional Utilities Operate as Monopolies Regulated by “government” Have to get regulators approval for rate increases. No incentive to increase generation efficiency. “Vertically Integrated (VI)” business structures for improved profitability.

Regulated Power Utility Production Units Production Units Production Units Production Units

Deregulated PS Structure Has been legislated by government hoping that it results in: Increased competition (Reduced rates) New technology utilization in generation, transmission & distribution Increased outside investment in PS infrastructure

Power Industry Deregulation Break-up of traditional utility structures into independent business units: Gencos (Generating Companies) Power Marketers Transco (Transmission Company) Independent system operator (For transmission network) Retail service providers Discos (Distribution Companies)

Thank You