Where is Cytochrome C? What is the role? Where does it come from?

Evolutionary Biology of Cytochrome C Cytochrome c is a highly conserved protein. Its primary structure consists of a chain of 100 aa. Both chicken and turkeys have the identical molecule whereas ducks p differ by one amino acid. Similarly, both humans and chimpanzees have the identical molecule.

Where does protein come from? The information for building proteins is stored in our DNA. DNA codes for proteins like cytochrome C. DNA  RNA Protein Gene for Cytochrome C Cytochrome C Gene expression If the DNA in a single human cell were stretched out and laid end-to-end, it would measure approximately 6.5 feet. The average human body contains 10 to 20 billion miles of DNA distributed among trillions of cells.

Understanding How Cells Build Essential Proteins Understanding how genes are expressed DNA RNAProtein DNA Structure Double helix WC Base pair Structure of a Gene

DNA is a double-stranded helix James Watson and Francis Crick Worked out the three-dimensional structure of DNA, based on work by Rosalind Franklin http://www.dnai.org/ Twist Figure 10.3A, B

DNA is a nucleic acid Made of long chains of nucleotide monomers Remember that ATP was a nucleotide DNA polynucleotide A C T G Sugar-phosphate backbone Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Sugar O O– P CH2 H3C N H Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose) DNA nucleotide Figure 10.2A

Double Helix Structure Major/minor groove Anti-parallel strands

DNA has four kinds of nitrogenous bases A, T, C, and G C O N H H3C Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Adenine (A) Guanine (G) Purines Pyrimidines Figure 10.2B

DNA Strands: Anti-parallel

Each strand of the double helix is oriented in the opposite direction HO OH A C G T 2 1 3 4 5 5 end 3 end Figure 10.5B

Understanding How Cells Build Essential Proteins Understanding how genes are expressed DNA RNAProtein DNA Structure Double helix WC Base pair Structure of a Gene DNA nevers leaves the nucleas but the information does!

The information constituting an organism’s genotype is carried in its sequence of its DNA bases. “ATGACTAA” A particular gene, a linear sequence of many nucleotides Specifies a polypeptide “MET-LYS-LEU” Figure 10.8B T A C G U Transcription Translation RNA DNA Met Lys Phe Polypeptide Start condon Stop condon Strand to be transcribed

Figure 10.6A DNA Transcription RNA Protein Translation

Close up on DNARNA: Transcription DNA  RNA Protein Close up on DNARNA: Transcription RNA polymerase RNA nucleotides Direction of transcription Template Strand of DNA Newly made RNA T C A G U Figure 10.9A

DNA  RNA Protein In the nucleus, the DNA helix unzips transcription In the nucleus, the DNA helix unzips And RNA nucleotides line up along one strand of the DNA, following the base pairing rules As the single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA) peels away from the gene The DNA strands rejoin RNA polymerase RNA nucleotides Direction of transcription Template Strand of DNA Newly made RNA T C A G U Figure 10.9A

RNA pol binds to promoter Transcription of strand to mRNA RNA polymerase DNA of gene Promoter DNA Terminator Area shown In Figure 10.9A Growing RNA Completed RNA polymerase Figure 10.9B DNA  RNA Protein RNA pol binds to promoter Transcription of strand to mRNA Instructions now in mRNA RNA pol reaches terminator

DNA  RNA Protein DNA molecule Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 DNA strand Transcription Translation Polypeptide RNA Amino acid Codon A C G U Gene 1 Gene 2 Gene 3 DNA molecule Figure 10.7 Figure 10.8A UUC UGU UGC UGA Stop Met or start Phe Leu Ile Val Ala Thr Pro Ser Asn Lys His Gln Asp Glu Arg Gly Cys Tyr G A C U Third base Second base First base UUA UUU CUC CUU CUG CUA AUC AUU AUG AUA GUC GUU GUG GUA UCC UCU UCG UCA CCC CCU CCG CCA ACC ACU ACA GCC GCU GCG GCA UAC UAU UAG Stop UAA Stop CAC CAU CAG CAA AAC AAU AAG AAA GAC GAU GAG GAA UGG Trp CGC CGU CGG CGA AGC AGU AGG AGA GGC GGU GGG GGA