Power Plants 3-6 Types of Power Plants IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants Types of Power Plants The engine, motor, and related parts Supplies the motive power of a self-propelled object Produces a kinetic energy output from a fuel source input Electricity generating station Typically what is referred to by “power plant” Mechanical, heat, chemical, solar sources http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Power Plants 3-6 Why Study Power Plants? IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants Why Study Power Plants? Insight into the fundamental operation of most engineered technologies Application of scientific and mathematical principles in real-world problem-solving situations http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Terminology IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Power Plants – Engines Terminology Combustion – the burning of fuel with an oxidizer Oxidizer – a chemical compound that transfers oxygen atoms – a typical oxidizer is ambient air Ambient – surrounding, environmental, atmospheric External combustion engine (ECE) – heat engine that derives heat from fuel consumed outside engine Internal combustion engine (ICE) – heat engine that derives heat from combustion of fuel within engine, instead of in external furnace Thermodynamics – physics that deals with the mechanical action or relations of heat http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines Historically – engine referred to device that converted force into motion Catapult, battering ram, and other siege weapons Mills – grinding Water mill, wind mill, horse mill, treadmill al-Jazari – invented crankshaft and connecting rod, one of the most important mech. technologies after wheel 1698 – first practical steam powered engine – Thomas Savery http://sungrant.oregonstate.edu/docs/Biowaste_working_group_whitepaper.pdf http://www.oilgae.com/

Types of Engines and Uses Power Plants – Engines IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines and Uses External Combustion (EC) Engines: Steam – steam locomotives; turbines in electricity stations Internal Combustion (IC) Engines: Four-stroke: cars, trucks, motorcycles, construction machinery, airplanes Two-stroke: moped, dirt bike, chainsaw, trimmer, motor boat, lawnmowers, go-karts Diesel: 50% new cars in europe, submarines, ships, locomotives, large trucks/machinery Gas Turbine Engines: Power plants and airplanes

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Reciprocating Engines: IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines Reciprocating Engines: Reciprocate: to move forward and backward alternately Pistons move linearly, forward and backward, in reciprocating engines. A crank converts linear motion into rotational motion.

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Steam Engine Steam IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine Steam Molecules of gases are further apart than molecules in liquids and solids Vaporized water (steam) takes up more space than liquid water

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (continued) History 75 C.E. Hero of Alexandria – mathematician Presented plans for simple steam engine 1679 Denis Papin of France – pressure cooker 1698 Thomas Savery, English military engineer – Miner’s Friend pumped water out of coal mines 1712 Newcomen Engine, improved Savery’s design http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blotto.htm http://www.incois.gov.in/Tutor/science+society/lectures/illustrations/lecture21/newcomen.html

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont.) History (cont.) 1765 James Watt (Scotland) – mathematician, inventor, instrument maker, engineer Modern steam engine credited to Watt 1804 Arthur Woolf (England) – compound steam engine Increases the efficiency of the engine by reusing the steam in additional cylinders. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Steam Engine (cont) Steam Locomotive IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Steam Locomotive 1770s – tracks laid for horses to pull carts 1804 – steam-powered engine 1820s – “Father of Railways” George Stephenson – civil and mechanical engineer Builds first public railway lines Harnessing steam power made the Industrial Revolution possible http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam-technology5.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Stephenson#Early_locomotives

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Operation – PISTON High pressure steam enters HP steam pushes piston Valve rod shifts HP steam pushes piston in reverse direction Original steam, now cooled, exits through exhaust: Choo-choo-choo-choo-choo http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam.htm/printable

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Operation – PISTON Coal Exhaust Steam Exhaust http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam.htm/printable

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Operation – BOILER Coal burned in furnace Hot gasses boil water Steam moves to cylinder, gases exhaust through smokestack Fire-tube Boiler (past) Water-tube Boiler (modern) http://science.howstuffworks.com/steam.htm/printable

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Operation – COMPOUND STEAM ENGINE Engineers’ objective is to harness as much of the energy in the burning fuel as possible. Compound steam engine reuses exhaust steam/fuel as much as possible (3 times below). http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Triple_expansion_engine_animation.gif

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/08/Walschaerts_motion.gif&imgrefurl=http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locomotive&usg=__DiCPt5QllSxeG1MFyCwgS2p0stM=&h=167&w=549&sz=255&hl=en&start=31&um=1&tbnid=VGHkpbX8lEKQeM:&tbnh=40&tbnw=133&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dsteam%2Blocomotive%2Boperation%2Banimation%26start%3D20%26ndsp%3D20%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26client%3Dfirefox-a%26rls%3Dorg.mozilla:en-US:official%26sa%3DN

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… http://www.confectionerycapers.com/images/locomotive%20operation.gif

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… http://www.confectionerycapers.com/steam_engine_animation.htm

Power Plants – Engines 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. IOT POLY ENGINEERING 3-6 Types of Engines – E.C.E. Steam Engine (cont) Explain what you see… http://animations.technologydiamonds.com/