Radio Frequency IDentification 1 Radio Frequency IDentification By, Arka Jyoti Das Khushboo Bothra CSE,4th year

2 Rfid-What is it? Radio-frequency identification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. RFID (radio frequency identification) is a technology that incorporates the use of electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency (RF) portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an object, animal, or person. An alternative to bar code. RFID is also called dedicated short range communication (DSRC).

History of RFID Invented in 1948 by Harry Stockman. 3 History of RFID Invented in 1948 by Harry Stockman. Initial application was during World War II-The United Kingdom used RFID devices to distinguish returning English airplanes from inbound German ones. RADAR was only able to signal the presence of a plane, not the kind of plane it was.. Came into commercial use only in 1990s.

4 Components of RFID An RFID tag is an object that can be stuck on or incorporated into a product, animal, or person for the purpose of identification using radio waves . Tags ( Chip + Antenna + Substrate ). -Tag types -Active. -Passive. -Read only. -Write only . -Frequency at which these tags are used -Between 125 to 134 kilohertz. -At 13.56 megahertz. -Between 868 to 956 megahertz. -At 2.45 gigahertz.

Components of RFID(cont’d) 5 Components of RFID(cont’d)

Passive RFID Tags Tag contains an antenna, and a small chip that stores a small amount of data Tag can be programmed at manufacture or on installation Tag is powered by the high power electromagnetic field generated by the antennas – usually in doorways The field allows the chip/antenna to reflect back an extremely weak signal containing the data. Collision Detection – recognition of multiple tags in the read range – is employed to separately read the individual tags

Active RFID Tags Battery Powered tags Have much greater range – 100m Hold much more information – Kbytes Can integrate sensing technology Temperature, GPS Can signal at defined time Multiple tags can be recorded at once Used for higher value items Shipping containers Babies Electronic assets Cost between $20 and $40 per item Life between 2 – 4 years

Components of RFID(cont’d) 8 Components of RFID(cont’d) Active RFID Passive RFID Tag Power Source Internal to tag Energy transferred using RF from reader Tag Battery Yes No Availability of power Continuous Only in field of reader Required signal strength to Tag Very Low Very High Range Up to 100m Up to 3-5m, usually less Multi-tag reading 1000’s of tags recognized – up to 100mph Few hundred within 3m of reader Data Storage Up to 128Kb or read/write with sophisticated search and access 128 bytes of read/write

Components of RFID(cont’d) Interrogator (Antenna + Reader ) : Interrogator are used to read the tags & in certain cases even remotely writes to the tag. Middleware: Middleware is the needed interface between the existing company databases & information management software. Middleware provides a range of functions: -Data filtering -System monitoring -Multiple reader co-ordination. Business application software: used to manage the collected data.

Electronic product code-EPC Each tag contains a unique code that facilitating the identification process & is known as EPC. E.g. 613.23000.123456.123456789 (96 bits) Header – defines version of EPC(8 bits) EPC Manager – describes originator of EPC (Product manufacturer) (28 bits) Object Class - Could describe the product type (24 Bits) Serial Number – Unique ID for that product item (36 Bits)

System overview

RFID Vs Bar Code RFID Barcode Forging is difficult Forging is easy Scanner not required. No need to bring the tag near the reader Scanner needs to see the bar code to read it RFID is comparatively fast Can read multiple tags Can read only one tag at a time Relatively expensive as compared to Bar Codes (Reader 1000$, Tag 20 cents a piece) Can be reusable within factory premises Cannot be reused

Benefits of RFID Benefits to retailers, manufactures etc Reduced on-hand inventory and less use of “safety stock”. Increased sales through reduced out-of- stocks. Increased stock visibility and availability. Reduced transportation cost and shipping volumes. More accurate forecasts and stock replenishment. Reduced shrink and theft in the supply chain. Benefits to customers Better in-stock - product on the shelf when you want it Improved Product Selection Product Freshness for Dated Goods Easier Identification on Recalls

Issues / Concerns Cost of RFID technology. Active RFID life – 2 to 4 years. Privacy concerns-surreptitious consumer surveillance. Extreme weather. Security concerns-illicit tracking of RFID tags. Global standardization. Environmental concern- recycling. RFID systems are vulnerable to virus.

Uses of RFID Large Retail companies – Product Tracking. Used where unique identification is needed Hospitals & Nursing Homes – Patient Tagging . Airports – Baggage Tracking. Security Applications – Contactless Smart Cards. RFID Readers could also WRITE onto Tags. RFID Sensors to sense temperature, movement, radiation, food quality. Passports-UK, Australia, Finland, Ireland. RFID is used in Libraries. Replacing Barcodes.

Initiatives in RFID Patni Computer Systems Lab – Implemented Animal Tracking System Wipro Technologies - Member of the Electronic Product Code (EPC) - Setting up a lab to study RFID - Working on pilot projects Infosys Technologies – RFID consulting on logistics player in the RFID space. TCS have tied up with Hyderabad university to produce RFID tagged mark sheets & degrees to deter use of fake degree. Intellicon - pilot project for BEL Bangalore, tags installed on employee buses. Buses inside the BEL campus were tracked with the aim of gauging employee punctuality.

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