Chapter Menu Lesson 1: Energy from the Sun Lesson 2: Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Lesson 3: Air Currents Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding lesson.

9.1 Energy from the Sun atmosphere troposphere stratosphere electromagnetic spectrum infrared radiation ultraviolet wave

9.1 Energy from the Sun Earth’s Atmosphere The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds Earth.

Layers in the Atmosphere 9.1 Energy from the Sun Layers in the Atmosphere Troposphere Stratosphere Mesosphere Thermosphere What is the structure of Earth’s atmosphere?

Layers in the Atmosphere (cont.) 9.1 Energy from the Sun Layers in the Atmosphere (cont.)

The Sun’s Continuous Spectrum 9.1 Energy from the Sun The Sun’s Continuous Spectrum The electromagnetic spectrum includes the entire range of wavelengths or frequencies of electromagnetic radiation.

9.1 Energy from the Sun Visible Radiation Sunlight is sometimes referred to as visible light or white light. The Sun’s energy peaks in the range of visible light.

Near-Visible Radiation 9.1 Energy from the Sun Near-Visible Radiation Infrared (IR) radiation has longer wavelengths than visible light. Ultraviolet (UV) waves have shorter wavelengths than visible light.

Sunlight Penetrating the Atmosphere 9.1 Energy from the Sun Sunlight Penetrating the Atmosphere

9.1 Energy from the Sun A Blue Sky Blue, indigo, and violet light is absorbed and reflected as it passes through the atmosphere. The sky appears blue when blue light scatters and reaches our eyes.

9.1 Energy from the Sun A Red Sunset As the Sun sets, light travels a longer path through Earth’s atmosphere. Longer wavelengths (yellow, orange) are reflected, leaving only the longest wavelength, red, to reach our eyes.

9.1 Energy from the Sun A Black Sky Since space has no atmosphere to reflect or scatter any light, the sky would appear black.

The Sun’s Power Solar heating provides energy to warm Earth. 9.1 Energy from the Sun The Sun’s Power Solar heating provides energy to warm Earth. Solar radiation is constant and uniform, but is not evenly distributed on Earth.

9.1 Energy from the Sun The Angle of Sunlight The Earth is a sphere and therefore the sun’s light strikes the surface at different angles.

9.1 Energy from the Sun Sun’s Energy on Earth The Sun’s energy serves as the power for air currents, weather systems, and the water cycle. Energy from the sun can be harnessed directly and indirectly. The Water Cycle

The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is _____. A argon B oxygen 9.1 Energy from the Sun A B C D The most abundant gas in the atmosphere is _____. A argon B oxygen C nitrogen D ozone Lesson 1 Review

Which is a list of visible light from longest to shortest wavelength? 9.1 Energy from the Sun A B C D Which is a list of visible light from longest to shortest wavelength? A blue, indigo, violet, green, red, orange, yellow B violet, indigo, blue, green, yellow, orange, red C red, orange, yellow, blue, indigo, violet, green D red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet Lesson 1 Review

What percent of incoming solar radiation is reflected? A 30% B 5% 9.1 Energy from the Sun A B C D What percent of incoming solar radiation is reflected? A 30% B 5% C 25% D 50% Lesson 1 Review

End of Lesson 1

9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere inversion greenhouse gas global warming

Conduction in Air Conduction heats air close to Earth’s surface. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Conduction in Air Conduction heats air close to Earth’s surface.

9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Convection Convection moves hot air that is near the Earth’s surface to higher altitudes. In a convection current, hot air rises and cold air sinks due to differences in density. Convection currents distribute heat energy within the troposphere.

Temperature Inversions 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Temperature Inversions An inversion occurs when warm air sits on top of cold air. The air that is rising from Earth’s surface can only reach a certain height, and then it becomes trapped under the inversion.

Radiation Radiation is the form of heat transfer that warms the Earth. 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Radiation Radiation is the form of heat transfer that warms the Earth. Different molecules absorb radiation with different wavelengths. Every object in the universe emits radiation as long as it has a temperature above absolute zero.

Maintaining Radiation Balance 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Maintaining Radiation Balance The total amount of energy reaching Earth from the Sun is equal to the amount of energy leaving Earth.

9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse gases such as water vapor, methane (CH4), and carbon dioxide are responsible for a large percentage of the additional warming of Earth’s surface. Global warming is the process in which the average surface temperature increases. Global Warming

Greenhouse Gases (cont.) 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Greenhouse Gases (cont.)

Greenhouse Gases (cont.) 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Greenhouse Gases (cont.)

What form of heat transfer needs material through which to travel? 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere A B C D What form of heat transfer needs material through which to travel? A radiation B convection C conduction D subduction Lesson 2 Review

What condition would exist in a typical inversion? 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere A B C D What condition would exist in a typical inversion? A the temperature in the troposphere decreases with height B the temperature in the troposphere increases with height C the temperature in the stratosphere increases with height D the temperature in the stratosphere decreases with height Lesson 2 Review

Which of the following is a greenhouse gas? A oxygen B nitrogen 9.2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere A B C D Which of the following is a greenhouse gas? A oxygen B nitrogen C water vapor D argon Lesson 2 Review

End of Lesson 2

9.3 Air Currents wind updraft downdraft Coriolis effect jet stream

9.3 Air Currents Local Winds and Eddies Wind is air that is in motion relative to the surface. An eddy is a current of air that runs counter to the main current.

Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface 9.3 Air Currents Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface Uneven heating of Earth’s surface by the sun causes differences in air pressure which causes wind. Materials on Earth’s surface absorb or reflect different amounts of sunlight.

Percent of Reflection of Solar Radiation 9.3 Air Currents Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface (cont.) Percent of Reflection of Solar Radiation

Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface (cont.) 9.3 Air Currents Uneven Heating of Earth’s Surface (cont.) Differences in materials on the Earth’s surface cause the air to heat unevenly resulting in convection currents.

Updrafts As land becomes warm, it warms the air above it. 9.3 Air Currents Updrafts As land becomes warm, it warms the air above it. An updraft, or thermal, occurs as the air is heated and it expands becoming less dense than the surrounding air.

9.3 Air Currents Downdrafts A downdraft, or sinking column of air, occurs when dense air sinks toward Earth’s surface.

9.3 Air Currents The Coriolis Effect The Coriolis effect is the deflection of wind caused by Earth’s rotation.

Global Convection Currents 9.3 Air Currents Global Convection Currents In the one cell model, Earth’s atmosphere circulated in a large convection cell in each hemisphere. The three cell model more accurately describes Earth’s atmosphere.

The Three-Cell Model First Cell: Hadley Cell 9.3 Air Currents The Three-Cell Model First Cell: Hadley Cell Between 0º to near 30º latitude Second Cell: Ferrel Cell Between 30º and 60º latitude Third Cell: Polar Cell Between 60º and 90º latitude

9.3 Air Currents Prevailing Winds The global cells in each hemisphere create northerly and southerly winds. Trade winds Westerlies Polar easterlies

9.3 Air Currents Jet Streams Jet streams are strong, continuous winds that range from around 200–250 km/h. 6-10 km above Earth’s surface polar jet stream subtropical jet stream

9.3 Air Currents A B C D _____ result when a large area of land absorbs more solar radiation than the land nearby? A Downdrafts B Updrafts C Coriolis effects D Trade winds Lesson 3 Review

A winds that result from uneven surface heating 9.3 Air Currents A B C D What is an eddy? A winds that result from uneven surface heating B air in motion relative to the Earth’s surface C air that becomes warmer than the surrounding air D a current of air that runs counter to the main current Lesson 3 Review

Air generally moves _____. A from low to high pressure 9.3 Air Currents A B C D Air generally moves _____. A from low to high pressure B from high to low pressure C from high to low altitudes D from east to west Lesson 3 Review

End of Lesson 3

Chapter Resources Menu Chapter Assessment California Standards Practice Concepts in Motion Image Bank Science Online Interactive Table Virtual Lab BrainPOP Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature.

A B C D Which is a weather phenomenon that results from a sinking column of air? A jet stream B hurricane C Coriolis effect D downburst Chapter Assessment 1

What are the names of the two jet streams? B C D What are the names of the two jet streams? A subpolar jet and subtropical jet B polar jet and tropical jet C polar jet and subtropical jet D subpolar jet and tropical jet Chapter Assessment 2

Which phenomenon explains why air does not travel in a straight line? B C D Which phenomenon explains why air does not travel in a straight line? A Coriolis effect B doldrums C jet stream D Hadley cell Chapter Assessment 3

A B C D What percentage of incoming solar radiation reaches the Earth’s surface? A 10% B 25% C 50% D 85% Chapter Assessment 4

Which of the following has shorter wavelengths? A visible light waves D Which of the following has shorter wavelengths? A visible light waves B ultraviolet waves C Infrared waves D microwaves Chapter Assessment 5

Sunlight strikes Earth’s equator _____. SCI 4.a A B C D Sunlight strikes Earth’s equator _____. A approximately parallel to the surface B approximately perpendicular to the surface C at a low angle D at a 45 angle CA Standards Practice 1

Which best describes the global wind pattern? A one cell B two cell SCI 4.d A B C D Which best describes the global wind pattern? A one cell B two cell C three cell D four cell CA Standards Practice 2

The stratosphere has a high concentration of which greenhouse gas? SCI 4.b A B C D The stratosphere has a high concentration of which greenhouse gas? A carbon dioxide B water vapor C methane D ozone CA Standards Practice 3

How is heat transferred throughout the atmosphere? SCI 4.d A B C D How is heat transferred throughout the atmosphere? A convection currents B conduction C radiation D Coriolis effect CA Standards Practice 4

A inward toward the center B outward from the center SCI 4.d A B C If air moves from an area of high pressure to low pressure, what would be the primary direction of air movement in a low pressure system? A inward toward the center B outward from the center C neither inward or outward CA Standards Practice 5

Concepts in Motion 1

Image Bank

Image Bank

Interactive Table

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