Chapter 11
The Texas Revolution Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, a Mexican priest, led an unsuccessful revolt against Spain in 1810 Mexico gained independence in 1821 The new Mexican government hired empresarios, or agents, to bring settlers to Texas Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla, father of Mexico’s independence
American Settlers Stephen F. Austin, an agent, started a colony on the lower Colorado River in 1822 Success attracted more American settlers, who received free land in exchange for obeying Mexican laws Mexico was concerned about the number of American’s and banned further settlement Stephen F. Austin, the founder of Texas
Santa Ana General Antonio Lopez de Santa Ana became the ruler of Mexico
Texans Revolt War began October 1835 in a battle at Gonzales, Texas Texas declares independence on March 2, 1836 The Republic of Texas was established Sam Houston was named head of the Texas army Stephen F. Austin went to the United States to seek money and troops Sam Houston
Battle at the Alamo Texan’s actions angered Santa Ana Texas force of fewer than 200, led by Colonel Jim Travis, occupied Alamo mission near San Antonio From Feb. 23 to March 6, 1846, Texans held out against huge Mexican army All defenders killed in Mexican attack on March 6 https://youtu.be/rTCcnbzSMc8
The Alamo Jim Bowie was an American pioneer, soldier, smuggler, slave trader, and land speculator Davy Crockett was an American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier, and politician. https://youtu.be/UzAwQUwaUYY
Battle of San Jacinto Santa Ana chased Texans under Sam Houston east Texans took a stand at San Jacinto River near Galvaston Bay Houston’s forces attacked on April 21, 1836, and destroyed the Mexican army Santa Ana is captured and forced to sign a treaty giving Texas independence
An Independent Nation Houston was a hero and is elected president Austin becomes his secretary of state Texas offers land grants to new settlers Many come from nearby states bringing their slaves with them Most Texans hoped the U.S. would annex, or take control of, Texas and make it a state President Jackson recognized Texas as an independent nation but did not want to upset the balance of free and slave states by letting a slave state enter the union https://youtu.be/VGF4ibgcHQE
Columbia https://youtu.be/q4T4vdAV5Vk
Acquiring New Territory Polk is president Many Americans had settled in the Oregon territory They wanted to become part of the United States Pacific port: Growing trade with China 1846: Great Britain and U.S. signed a treaty giving U.S. all of Oregon south of the 49th parallel.
March 1845: Congress approved annexation of Texas Americans continued to pour into Texas This angered Mexico which considered Texas to be a “stolen province.”
After the annexation of Texas in 1844, it was only a matter of time before war between Texas and the United States would happen. President Polk sent general Zachary Taylor to Texas to protect the American border with Mexico.
California under Mexico Mexico also controlled present-day Arizona, Nevada, California, and New Mexico Mission system dominated much of the southwest, especially in California where it was the focus of every day life
https://youtu.be/BmEK8rx1_qA
Missions Missions were broken up in the 1830s by Mexico Land grants were given to the wealthiest California settlers Created vast ranchos or ranches Worked by vaqueros or cowboys
Californios 1820: Only about 3200 colonists in California. Felt little connection to gov’t in Mexico Calls for independence increased tensions between the U.S. and Mexico Mariano Guadalupe Vallejo
Mexican-American War U.S. involvement in Calif. and Texas creates tension Dispute over border with Mexico Nueces or Rio Grande U.S. offered to buy Calif. and New Mexico but were turned away March 1846: General Taylor led troops to the Rio Grande where they clashed with Mexican troops. Americans were killed Polk asks Congress to declare war.
What did the U.S. want from war with Mexico? Land Remember manifest destiny? The U.S. wanted all the land west of Texas including California.
U.S. has huge technological advantage Artillery - superior large guns and better ammunition better rifles and handguns, including the colt revolver telegraph = better communications
U.S. has a huge population and economic advantage U.S. - 17 million people Mexico - 7 million people U.S. - growing economy Mexico - in debt
War Begins Taylors forces win battles south of the Rio Grande in Mexico General Stephen Kearny seized control of New Mexico Americans seized Sonoma and declared Calif. To be an independent nation Started the Bear Flag Revolt
Bear Flag Revolt John C. Fremont, leader of a U.S. Army mapping expedition, entered Calif. to support its independence U.S. naval and military forces invaded Calif. in July 1846 and claimed Calif. for the United States.
War’s End General Taylor’s forces defeated the Mexican army at Buena Vista in 1847 It was a fierce battle with heavy casualties on both sides General Winfield Scott forces seized the port of Veracruz, the strongest fortress in Mexico 1847: Scott’s troops take Mexico City
Deaths during the war One out of ten American soldiers died in less than two years of service Disease accounted for 7/8 of the deaths. Crowded, unsanitary conditions and impure water led to dysentery, lice, and other diseases that spread rapidly. 12,518 American soldiers died during the war.
War’s End Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo officially ended the war in 1848 Mexican cession included present-day California, Nevada, and Utah, and parts of Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming Mexican’s living in those areas were “protected in the free enjoyment of their liberty and property, and secured in the free exercise of their religion.”
Gadsden Purchase, 10 million, rest of Arizona and New Mexico
Surge of American Settlers Size of the U.S. increased by 25% After the war, American’s flood into the region Anglo settles often claimed Mexican lands Mexican’s were discriminated against What are some of the influences of Mexican’s in our country today?
California Gold Rush https://youtu.be/t7Wr1tMs5F0