Captivity, Return, and Years of Silence A Remnant Shall Return Captivity, Return, and Years of Silence

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History Remember important passages… – Dan 2:40-44; 7:23-27

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History Now time to factor this kingdom into the story – Emergence of Roman global empire onto the world stage completes our preparation for next quarter’s studies N.T. events (life of Christ) – This lesson primarily focuses on how the history transitions from the Greek influence to Roman rule, and how Judea fared during this transition

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History A quick review… – Judean independence from Syria in 142 B.C. – Emergence of Jewish sects to remain separate from Hellenism (Pharisees, Sadduccees) – Last son of Mattathias Hasmones (Simon) assassinated in 134 B.C. – His son John Hyrcanus became High Priest – Nothing much left of old Syrian empire – Events that help bring Rome to center stage: - Parthia (E of Syria) continues to grow

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History A quick review… – Events that help bring Rome to center stage: - Rome (far W) continues to watch Syria & the Jews battle - Eventually Rome will control entire Mediterranean basin - Parthia took control of Mesopotamia… Rome took all of Asia Minor (129 B.C.)

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History John Hyrcanus – Became High Priest in 134 B.C. – Subdued Idumeans (Edomites) – Died in 105 B.C. – Succeeded by son Aristobolus – He died 1 year later…was succeeded by his ½ brother Alexandra Jannaeus (who married Aristobolus’ widow Salome)

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History Alexander Jannaeus (103 – 76 B.C.) – Civil ruler & High Priest (Hasmonean) – Left Judean rule to Salome – Had 2 sons (Hyrcanus II & Aristobolus) – Hyrcanus II was made High Priest…Aristobolus was made commander – Salome died in 67 B.C. – Aristobolus wasted no time in ousting milder brother Hyrcanus II from high priesthood and seizing complete control of Judea

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History Aristobolus – An Idumean governor named Antipater becomes very important during this time – His son (also named Antipater) cultivates a friendship with the ousted Hyrcanus II – He lined up support for Hyrcanus II from Aretas, king of the Nabateans

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History Aristobolus – With the help of Aretas, Hyrcanus II re-enters Jerusalem with forces and defeats his brother

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History Pompey – Roman general with authority from Senate to conquer all eastern shores of Mediterranean – He succeeded in conquering old Syrian region, and Rome annexed Syria in 64 B.C. – His sights were now set on heading south down the shoreline toward Judea (63 B.C.)

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History Hyrcanus II re-instated as High Priest…his “friend” Antipater is faithfully at his side – However, Antipater realized Rome was where his real ticket to power resided Meanwhile, enter Julius Caesar onto the stage – He becomes a dominant figure, eventually challenging & defeating Pompey – Pompey flees to Egypt…Caesar follows – Caesar is in danger in Egypt…Antipater comes to his aid

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History Antipater (an Idumean) – Named Procurator of Judea by Caesar – Hyrcanus II re-confirmed as High Priest – Antipater has 2 sons – Herod (military prefect in Galilee) and Phasael (military prefect in Judea) – Poisoned in 43 B.C. – Caesar had been assassinated in 44 B.C. (Ides of March)…Mark Antony & Octavian (Caesar’s nephew) defeated the conspirators – Mark Antony controlled Judea

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History Mark Antony – Appointed Antipater’s 2 sons (Herod & Phasael) joint rulers in Judea – Antigonus (son of Aristobolus [defeated brother of Hyrcanus II]) began contending for office of High Priest…joined forces with Parthians – Hyrcanus II removed from office & mutilated – Phasael captured…committed suicide in prison – Herod escaped safely to Rome

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History Eventually Octavian & Mark Antony cannot co-exist Octavian defeats Mark Antony…becomes emperor Roman Senate confers upon him title of “Caesar Augustus” Lk 2:1

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History Herod (37-4 B.C.) – Eventually gained control of all of Palestine – Antigonus was captured, brought to Rome – Mark Antony beheaded him at Herod’s request – Took title of “Herod the Great” – Made “King” of Judea ( Herod - Edomite) Mt 2:3; Gen. 27:40 – Convinced Rome to allow Jews their religious freedom… otherwise, a repeat of Maccabean Revolt was possible – Family played a major role in N.T. story (to both Jews & Christians)

Lesson 22: The Roman Empire and Jewish History