The Course of the War (Special Focus on G. Washington) c. Analyze George Washington as a military leader; include the creation of a professional military and the life of a common soldier, and describe the significance of the crossing of the Delaware River and Valley Forge.

Course of the War Northern Campaign (1775 – 1779) British Goal: Separate New England from other colonies Major Battles: Lexington, Concord, Bunker Hill, New York City, Trenton, Valley Forge, Saratoga Southern Campaign (1779 – 1781) British Goal: Separate Southern colonies from the north Major Battles: Savannah, Charleston, Camden, Cowpens, Yorktown

…don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes… Northern Campaign (1775 – 1779) Lexington & Concord: (April 19, 1775) See Previous Section Bunker Hill: (June 16, 1775) Boston British attempted to take hills surrounding city Colonists fortified a hill, British attacked Casualties: British 226 Killed 828 Wounded Colonial 115 Killed 305 Wounded …don’t fire until you see the whites of their eyes…

Washington as Military Leader Member of 2nd Continental Congress Washington dressed in his uniform to attend meetings Nominated by John Adams as Cmdr. in Chief Took command of troops outside of Boston in July, 1775 In uniform, from the French and Indian War "this modern Fabius" – Monthly Review – a Whig paper in Britain

George Washington (1732-1799) Southern Prior military experience Tobacco planter from Virginia Served in VA Militia during the French and Indian War Selected by 2nd Continental Congress as Commander in Chief of Continental Army Why? Southern Prior military experience Well connected politically From largest colony

Northern Campaign (1775 – 1779) New York City: (August 27, 1776) Major Center of Trade Long Island – lost August 22-26 Colonial troops retreated to Brooklyn Colonial troops evacuated to Manhattan Silently, in the middle of the night August 19 Casualties: British 64 Killed 293 Wounded Colonial 300 Killed 800 Wounded

"These are the times that try men's souls" Northern Campaign (1775 – 1779) After New York: Washington retreats First north Then south into New Jersey/Pennsylvania "These are the times that try men's souls"

Northern Campaign (1775 – 1779) Trenton: (December 26th, 1776) Sneak attack against Hessian troops See next slide Over 1,000 captured by the Continental Army After battle, Washington outmaneuvers the British and winters in Morristown, NJ

Questions to Ponder… 1. Describe the scene illustrated by the artist. What are the conditions? 2. Who are the people? 3. How do the people shown react to those conditions? 4. Why is Washington placed in the center of the painting? What does his appearance tell you? 5. What is the artist trying to say about Washington based on how he is depicted? 6. What questions do you have about this painting?

Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, American, 1816-1868 George Washington Crossing the Delaware, 1851 Oil on Canvas; 12 2/5 x 21 1/4 in. (378.5 x 647.7 cm)

Turning Point in the War Northern Campaign (1775 – 1779) Saratoga British invade from Canada Led by Gen. Burgoyne 1st Battle of Saratoga: Advance stopped 2nd Battle of Saratoga: British lose, forced to retreat Saratoga: Turning Point in the War

Long Supply Line

Help From the French b. Explain the reason for and significance of the French alliance and foreign assistance and the roles of Benjamin Franklin and the Marquis de Lafayette.

Marquis de Lafayette (1757-1834) Young French Officer Idealistic Volunteered to serve with the Americans Also gave money/arms to the cause DID YOU KNOW: This man’s full name was Marie Jean Paul Joseph Roche Yves Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette.

Alliance with France (1778) Reasons for: Americans needed support from other nations France hated England Many of the French sympathized with the Americans Enlightenment ideals of the Declaration Volunteers like Lafayette

Benjamin Franklin Treaty negotiated after Battle of Saratoga (1777) I represent France, but was not built until 1889. Ambassador to France Sent in 1776 Goal: Negotiate treaty with France Franklin was adored in Paris. He was considered one of the most intelligent and able men of the day. Treaty negotiated after Battle of Saratoga (1777)

Alliance with France (1778) Significance of: Gave America political and logistical support

Northern Campaign (1775 – 1779) Philadelphia British march around Washington and take Philadelphia Battle of Brandywine (Sept. 11, 1777)– Colonial Army defeated Washington moves troops north to Valley Forge, PA to spend the winter

Valley Forge Winter Headquarters of the Continental Army in 1777 In Pennsylvania

Valley Forge 1 out of 4 men died Training by Baron von Steuben Disease/Exposure Training by Baron von Steuben Prussian Provided order & structure

Life of a Common Soldier Disease was common Of 25,000 casualties, 17,000 died from disease 8,000-12,000 died in prison ships Food was poor Pay was rarely on time

Washington Howe Valley Forge Philadelphia French Fleet