Canada’s corrections system
Shared responsibility Federal system : jurisdiction over adult offenders serving sentences of two years or more and is responsible for supervising offenders on conditional release in the community (i.e. parole or statutory release) Provincial System: responsible for adults serving sentences that are less than two years, those who are being held while awaiting trial or sentencing (remand), as well as offenders serving community sentences, such as probation. A custodial sentence is a judicial sentence, imposing a punishment (and hence the resulting punishment itself) consisting of mandatory custody of the convict, either in prison or in some other closed therapeutic and/or (re)educational institution, such as a reformatory, (maximum security) psychiatry or drug Adult correctional statistics in Canada, 2013/2014 http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2015001/article/14163-eng.htm
How many offenders? In 2013/2014, there were on average 139,337 adult offenders being supervised in either provincial/territorial or federal correctional services on any given day. In 2013/2014, there were 36,845 adults in custody on an average day 21,704 = provincial/territorial custody (87/100,000) 15,141 = federal custody (54/100,000) Incarceration rates are down in comparison to previous years Adult correctional statistics in Canada, 2013/2014 http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2015001/article/14163-eng.htm
People in the system: In 2013/2014, men represented the majority (85%) of persons admitted to provincial and territorial correctional services. Women admissions to sentenced custody =11% in the provinces and territories and 6% federally. Aboriginal adults account for nearly one-quarter (24%) of admissions in 2013/2014 while representing 3% of the Canadian adult population Adult correctional statistics in Canada, 2013/2014 http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2015001/article/14163-eng.htm
YOUNG ADULTS In 2013/2014, adults under 35 years old accounted for 58% of admissions to provincial/territorial corrections However, adults ages 18-34 represent 29% of the Canadian population. Adult correctional statistics in Canada, 2013/2014 http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2015001/article/14163-eng.htm
Cost Operating expenditures for adult correctional services = $4 .6 billion (2013/2014) Expenditures: Wages, salaries, professional services, training, and travel. Cost per day p/person: $298 per day for federal offenders $196 per day per provincial and territorial offenders. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/85-002-x/2015001/article/14163-eng.htm#wb-tphp
Social factors attributing to criminal behaviour: Family (negative modeling, shared environmental factors, genetic risk factors, poor parenting, family violence and abuse, rejection) Education (provides opportunities) Economics (poverty, unemployment) Community and peers Alcohol and drugs Mental Health http://www.justice.govt.nz/justice-sector/drivers-of-crime/publications-and-background-information/documents/spb-social-risk-factors