“Update and expand the scope of Biosystems Engineering programs of studies placing emphasis in the areas of bio-fuels, bio-materials and quality of products” J.P. Douzals, F. Cointault, B. Tisseyre, H. Nicolas

Table1 : Production of biodiesel in the EU Tons Biodiesel production started in 1992 financed by Total.

Table 2 : Production of bioethanol and ETBE in the EU Bioethanol production started in 1999 with 4 plants financed by cooperative groups.

Table 3 : Expected Production of bioethanol and Biodiesel in France

Other biomass valorization heat and electricity : Wood (76%), Wastes (19%) and Biogas (3%) Biomaterials : Bioplastics Fibers and compounds Paper Industry Biomolecules

A questionnaire was sent to main HEI

1- Existing Courses/modules Case of Agrocampus Ouest Biofuels : Biofuels origin and processing, technical, economical & environmental criteria for substitution Optional Agric. Sc. Master 1 20 h Lecture Energy & Agriculture: Main production chains. Environmental benefits. Specialization Rural Eng. Master 2 3 h Lecture Energy and Sustainability : Energy productions, production chains, energy management. 18 h Project Agric. Products & by-products valorization (food & non-food) Doctoral course Research project

1- Existing Courses/modules Case of Montpellier SupAgro Biofuels : Biofuel inFarm production and engine adaptations. Energetic Yield Analysis Compulsory Agronomist Bachelor 1 h Lecture 2 h Lecture Biofuels and Sustainability : Processing Biodiesel and Bioethanol, critical analysis Optional Sustainable development Master 1 3 h Lecture Biofuels and Sustainability : Raw materials, Pyrolysis, Biogas, Bioethanol, Biodiesel, fuels additives from biomass, producing Hydrogen from biomass. Specialization Green Chemistry. Master 2 20 h Lecture Biomaterials / polymers : Typology, Processing examples, paper, plastics and natural polymers, composites, Rubber, Fiber-based materials, Proteins-based polymers.

1- Existing Courses/modules Case of Enesad Dijon Biofuels : Veg. Oil origin and processing. Specialization Agric. Eng. Master 2 2 h Lecture Biomaterials : Processing examples and agro-ressources valorization 3 h Lecture Projects on Biofuels : Effects of Veg oil storage conditions on energetical performances. Ag. Sc. compulsory Master 1 Agr. Eng. Bachelor 3 140 h Project Renewable Energies : Energetical context of 5 renewable energies, Energy saving. Specialization Agric. Eng. Master 2 4 h Lecture Agric. Products valorization and processing ability : Energetical and food strategies for agric. Products. Biotechnology and genetics supply. Compulsory Food Eng. Master 2 Bachelor 3

1- Existing Courses/modules Case of Toulouse AgriCampus Biofuels : Biofuel inFarm production and engine modifications. Compulsory Agric. Eng. Bachelor 3 4 h Lecture Biomaterials : Wood, paper and fiber processing 4 h Lecture Biofuels : Energetical Efficiency and engine adaptations Biomaterials : Non-food valorization of Agric. Products. 150 h Project Using Precision Agric. Tools for Biofuels LCA Compulsory Agronomist Master 2 Biofuels : Didactics of emerging and controversial knowledge Doctorate course Research Project

1- Existing Courses/modules Some universities or HE institutions are offering courses related to non-food valorization of agric. products : ENSAM (mechanical eng. HEI) : energetical valorization of biomass INP Toulouse (chemical eng. HEI) : Bachelor + Optionals in master programs : Veg. lipids or proteins chemistry, non-food valorization.

3- Current education and research infrastructure 2- Students enrolment Locally these courses are compulsory or optional for students in Agr. Sc. In case of optionals or specializations (Rural Eng., Green Chemistry, Agric. Eng.), recruitment is not specific. 3- Current education and research infrastructure Bioenergies &renewable energies are promoted by Ministry of Education HE Institutions have a relative autonomy and can easily adapt modules Major Research Institutes are involved in Bioenergy production evaluation (LCA, CO2 balance, economical and environmental impact…) But very few research in Bioenergy plants design, biomaterials properties

4- specific Research Groups Biofuels & biomolecules : Chemical Eng., petrol companies, food industry Biomass valorization : mechanical eng. Where is a place for Agric. Eng. ? Effects of Veg oil storage conditions on energetical performances. Energetical Efficiency and engine adaptations Using Precision Agric. Tools for Biofuels LCA Mechanical properties of biomaterials, … But still local & emerging projects

5- Current situation & perspectives of Biofuels and Biomaterials Intentions : National workplans Develop Bioenergies Maintain Wood energy Develop Biomaterials & Bioplastics Develop Waste bio-management The current situation : Tax cut-off on Biofuels will desappear in 2009 CO2 tax on new vehicles is discouraging E85 Veg. Oil is restricted to farmers use. Electricity from biomass is bought at very low price Bioplastics development at larger scale would need increasing surface

Conclusion : potential needs of the sector Biofuels & Biomaterials : An opportunity for students Important local needs connected to cooperatives, farmer associations, SMEs A knowledge of agriculture constraints for the organization of the supply chain Need of technical and economical references in order to design and optimize production plants. The relative autonomy of HE Institutions induces adaptative programs of study. But the global concept of Biosystems Engineering has to be stabilised as may be subjected to competition with chemical engineering HEI area of expertise This sector is still emergent. A more systematic study should be done to estimate the job market opportunities and qualifications.

“Update and expand the scope of Biosystems Engineering programs of studies placing emphasis in the areas of bio-fuels, bio-materials and quality of products” Thank You ! J.P. Douzals F. Cointault B. Tisseyre H. Nicolas