Is the American economy too dependent on undocumented workers or is there a way to deport them and fill the labor shortage reasonably? What is the solution?

Migration Salinas, CA Haitian Refugees

KEY ISSUES Why do people migrate? Where are migrants distributed? Why do migrants face obstacles? Why do people migrate within a country? KEY ISSUES

Emigration: migration FROM a location Immigration: migration TO a location Net migration: difference between the # IMMIGRANTS and the # of EMIGRANTS Net in-migration: immigrants > emigrants Net out-migration: immigrants < emigrants

Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s Why do people migrate? Emigration and immigration Change in residence. Relative to origin and destination. Major International Migration Patterns, Early 1990s Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

PUSH/PULL FACTORS Can be ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC PUSH: induces people to leave their present location PULL: induces people to come to a new location Can be ENVIRONMENTAL, CULTURAL, ECONOMIC What are some push/pull factors? Any personal examples in your family?

World Migration Routes Since 1700 Source: adapted from Getis et al. (1991) “Introduction to Geography”. 3rd edition. European African (slaves) Indian Chinese Japanese Majority of population descended from immigrants Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Types of Migration International: one country to another 2 Types Primarily a phenomena in Stage 2 Demographic transition countries 2 Types VOLUNTARY MIGRATION: chose to leave, usually for a good reason, not life or death FORCED MIGRATION: see no other choice but to leave

INTERNATIONAL MIGRATION Voluntary migration The migrant makes the decision to move. Most migration is voluntary. CHAIN MIGRATION: movement because a family member has already migrated to an area “person follows someone else to a place” Forced Migration Involuntary migration in which the mover has no role in the decision-making process, or fears for their life. Slavery. About 11 million African slaves were brought to the Americas between 1519 and 1867. In 1860, there were close to 4 million slaves in the United States. Refugees. Military conscription. Children of migrants. Situations of divorce or separation.

Key Term: Forced Migration

Types of Migration Internal: within the same country 2 Types Less traumatic, more common 2 Types Interregional: one region to another Intraregional: within same region Fill in the blank: “Most common interregional migration is _______ to _______ areas in search of jobs.”

Types of Migration Internal Migration Within one country. Crossing domestic jurisdictional boundaries. Movements between states or provinces. Little government control. Factors: Employment-based. Retirement-based. Education-based. Civil conflicts (internally displaced population). Why are there so many elderly people in Florida and Arizona? Slide courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Life Course Migration Movement because of a transitional stage in life.

Types of Migration Circular migration Spring Summer Fall / Winter Spring Summer Circular migration A type of temporary migration. Associated with agricultural work. The migrant follows the harvest of various crops, moving from one place to another each time. Very common in the US Southwest (Mexican farm workers) and in Western Europe (Eastern European farm workers).

Where else have we talked about guest workers?

Remittance: transfer of money by a foreign worker to an individual in his or her home country spatial interaction = “remittance corridor”

Interregional Migrations U.S. population has been moving Westward and Southward Gold Rush (1849) and Donner Party just the most dramatic examples of hardship. Wells, Pumps, Aqueducts, Mosquito Control and Air Conditioning have allowed this move which otherwise would be impossible. Loss of Industrial Jobs in east compliments increase in Sunbelt service sector (biotech, communications). Move from rural region to urban region

U.S. Migration Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain Destinations of U.S. Immigrants - ethnic neighborhoods often result of chain migration Mexicans: California, Texas, Illinois, New York Caribbean: Florida or New York Chinese and Indians: New York & California Other Asians: California Armenians: ????

Migration by Major Metropolitan Areas in the United States, 1990-98 (in 1,000s) Source: The Economist, March 11th 2000. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Voluntary African-American Migrations Great Migration: Black population moved to Industrial Belt (i.e., Chicago, New York, Detroit) and Los Angeles during World Wars (labor shortages).

Cobb County Immigration http://www.censusscope.org/us/s13/c67/ chart_ancestry.html Cobb County Immigration

Intraregional Migrations in U.S. U.S. population has been moving out of the city centers to the suburbs: STILL URBAN REGION Developed Countries: Suburbanization automobiles and roads ‘American Dream’ better services Counterurbanization idyllic settings cost of land for retirement slow pace, yet high tech connections to services and markets U.S. intraregional migration during 1990s.

Intraregional Migrations in LDCs Populations in the less developed world are rushing to cities in search of work and income. Urbanization migration from rural areas lack of jobs in countryside lack of services in cities Tokyo, Los Angeles, and New York only MDC cities on top 10 list Mexico City, Mexico Lagos, Nigeria Mumbai, India

Ellis Island National Monument U.S. Immigration Prior to 1840, 90% of U.S. immigration was from Britain Two Big Waves: 1840 - 1930: W. and N. European transitioning to Southern and Eastern European by 1910 Irish (potato famine in 1840s) and Germans During 1900s: Italians, Russians, Austria-Hungary (Czech, Poland, Romania, etc.) 1950 - Today: Asians and Latin Americans; declining Europeans Asians: China, India; 1980s -1990s: Philippines, Vietnam, and South Korea Latin America: Mexico, Dom. Rep., El Salvador, Cuba, Haiti 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted former illegals in 1990, 1991. Ellis Island National Monument

U.S. Immigration Policies 1882, Bars Asian immigration for ten years (extended) 1921, Quota Act - country by country quotas 1924 National Origins Act - country by country quotas 1965, Immigration Act - quotas for countries replaced, in 1968, with hemisphere quotas of 170, 000 for East and 120,000 for West 1978, Immigration Act - global quota of 290, 000 1980, Refugee Act - quotas do not apply to those seeking political asylum 1986, Immigration Reform and Control Act admitted large numbers of former illegals. 1990, Immigration Act raised global quotas to roughly 675,000 1995, visas issued Preferentially by skills: 480,000 - to relatives of people here 140,000 - to those with special skills and education 55,000 - to diversity candidates (i.e., mostly not from Latin Amer. or Asia) Current Total: 675,000

U.S. Immigration Patterns

BRAIN DRAIN Large scale emigration by talented people People leave LDC’s and move to MDC’s for better suited opportunities to their skills They often don’t return to their home country 1970’s Asian immigration to U.S. (China & India) BRAIN DRAIN

US Population by Race and Ethnicity, 1990-2050 Source: US Census Bureau. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Top 10 Countries of Origin for US Legal Immigrants, 1998 Source: INS. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Illegal Aliens in the United States by Country of Origin, 1996 (in 1,000s) About 5.0 million undocumented immigrants were residing in the United States in October 1996, with a range of about 4.6 to 5.4 million (about 1.9% of the total US population). The population was estimated to be growing by about 275,000 each year. 41 percent, of the total undocumented population in 1996 are nonimmigrant overstays. That is, they entered legally on a temporary basis and failed to depart. Source: US INS. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Population Pyramid of Native and Foreign Born Population, United States, 2000 (in %) Male Female Age Male Female Source: US Census Bureau, 2000. Slide graphic courtesy of Dr. Jean-Paul Rodrigue, Hofstra University

Ravenstein’s Theories of Migration. Most migrants go a short distance, within same country. Long distance migrants head for major centers of economic activity. Urban residents migrate less than rural residents Most long distance migrants are male. Most long distance migrants are single without families. Ravenstein’s Theories of Migration.

Forced Migration The Trail of Tears, 1838