The application of five senses The Nature of Science The application of five senses The Scientific Method

Lab Safety Review Know Safety Rules Know Lab Equipment Know Safety Equipment Location

Left Page Entry Draw a sketch of the following Fire Blanket Fire Extinguisher First Aid Kit Safety Shower Eyewash Station Exits(2)

LABORATORY (North view)

LABORATORY(South view)

LABORATORY(West view)

The Methods of Science What is Science? 1.1 The Methods of Science What is Science? Science is a method for studying the natural world. It is a process that uses observation and investigation to gain knowledge about events in nature.

Major Categories Life Sciences Earth Sciences Physical Sciences Deals with living things Earth Sciences Involves Earth and Space Physical Sciences Deals with matter and energy

Science Explains Nature Scientists ask questions to learn about the natural world. They use observational skills to gather information Scientific explanations help you understand the natural world.

Observation WHAT IS AN OBSERVATION? THE PROCESS OF GATHERING INFORMATION WITH OUR SENSES List the 5 senses List two types of observations

2 TYPES OF OBSERVATIONS QUANTITATIVE QUALITATIVE Observations that do not involve numbers. Refers to the quality… Color Hardness Smell Observations that involve numbers. 10cm 25 0C etc

Scientific Methods An organized set of investigation procedures Scientists learn new information about the natural world by performing investigations, which can be done in many different ways

Some investigations involve simply observing something that occurs and recording the observations

SCIENTIFIC METHOD

Stating the Problem Many scientific investigations begin when someone observes an event in nature and wonders why or how it occurs. Then the question of “why” or “how” is the problem

Forming a Hypothesis A hypothesis is a possible explanation for a problem using what you know and what you observe.

2 Types of Hypothesis NULL HYPOTHESIS When you expect no difference between the experimental & control group ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS When you expect a difference between the experimental & control group

Alternative or Null??? I expect there to be no difference between survival in the control and daphnia exposed to varying doses of sodium chloride. I expect the survival rate of daphnia to decrease as the concentration of sodium chloride increases.

Researching and Gathering Information Before testing a hypothesis, it is useful to learn as much as possible about the background of the problem

Testing a Hypothesis Some hypotheses can be tested by making observations building a model and relating it to real-life situations.

An experiment tests the effect of one thing on another using controlled conditions. A variable is a quantity that can have more than a single value.

2 Variables of a Controlled Experiment independent variable- the variable you change to see how it will affect the dependent variable dependent variable the variable that changes according to the changes in the other variables

Constant A factor that does not change when other variables change Give examples of constants Why must we have constants? We have to have variables that remain the same so that when a change does occur we know what caused it.

Control A control is the standard by which the test results can be compared.

Analyzing the Data An important part of every experiment includes recording observations and organizing the test data into easy-to-read tables and graphs.

GRAPHS

Drawing Conclusions Based on the analysis of your data, you decide whether or not your hypothesis is supported. For the hypothesis to be considered valid and widely accepted, the experiment must result in the exact same data every time it is repeated.

Being Objective A bias occurs when what the scientist expects changes how the results are viewed Scientist must record their findings and not what they think would or should occur

Validation Findings are supportable when other scientists perform the same experiment and get the same results

Questions & Discussion

Compare & Contrast Pure Science and Technology

Science is Dynamic Because science explains nature it is constantly changing. i.e. Pluto-dwarf star instead of planet The Cell Theory vs. Theory of Spontaneous Generation

What Is Chemistry? What Is Chemistry? 1.1 What Is Chemistry? What Is Chemistry? Why is the scope of chemistry so vast?

1.1 What Is Chemistry? Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Chemistry is the study of the composition of matter and the changes that matter undergoes. Chemical changes that occur in leaves can cause brilliant displays of color.

1.1 What Is Chemistry? Because living and nonliving things are made of matter, chemistry affects all aspects of life and most natural events.

Areas of Study Areas of Study 1.1 Areas of Study Areas of Study What are five traditional areas of study in chemistry?

Areas of Study Five traditional areas of study are organic chemistry 1.1 Areas of Study Five traditional areas of study are organic chemistry inorganic chemistry biochemistry analytical chemistry physical chemistry

1.1 Areas of Study Organic chemistry is defined as the study of all chemicals containing carbon. Chemists study structures and processes in the human body. Inferring Does a bone contain mainly organic or inorganic chemicals?

1.1 Areas of Study Inorganic chemistry is the study of chemicals that, in general, do not contain carbon. Chemists study structures and processes in the human body. Inferring Does a bone contain mainly organic or inorganic chemicals?

The study of processes that take place in organisms is biochemistry. 1.1 Areas of Study The study of processes that take place in organisms is biochemistry. Chemists study structures and processes in the human body. Inferring Does a bone contain mainly organic or inorganic chemicals?

1.1 Areas of Study Analytical chemistry is the area of study that focuses on the composition of matter. Chemists study structures and processes in the human body. Inferring Does a bone contain mainly organic or inorganic chemicals?

1.1 Areas of Study Physical chemistry is the area that deals with the mechanism, the rate, and the energy transfer that occurs when matter undergoes a change. Chemists study structures and processes in the human body. Inferring Does a bone contain mainly organic or inorganic chemicals?

Pure and Applied Chemistry 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure and Applied Chemistry How are pure and applied chemistry related?

Pure and Applied Chemistry 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure chemistry is the pursuit of chemical knowledge for its own sake. Applied chemistry is research that is directed toward a practical goal or application.

Pure and Applied Chemistry 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry Pure research can lead directly to an application, but an application can exist before research is done to explain how it works.

Pure and Applied Chemistry 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry Nylon In the early 1930’s, Wallace Carothers produced nylon while researching cotton and silk. A team of scientists and engineers applied Carothers’s research to the commercial production of nylon. Long, thin nylon fibers are woven into the fabric used in this backpack. Other objects that can be made from nylon are jackets, fishing lines, toothbrush bristles, and ropes.

Pure and Applied Chemistry 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry Aspirin Long before researchers figured out how aspirin works, people used it to relieve pain, and doctors prescribed it for patients who were at risk for a heart attack. In 1971, it was discovered that aspirin can block the production of a group of chemicals that cause pain and lead to the formation of blood clots. This is an example of pure research.

Pure and Applied Chemistry 1.1 Pure and Applied Chemistry Technology Technology is the means by which a society provides its members with those things needed and desired. Technology allows humans to do some things more quickly or with less effort. There are debates about the risks and benefits of technology.

Why Study Chemistry? Why Study Chemistry? 1.1 Why Study Chemistry? Why Study Chemistry? What are three general reasons to study chemistry?

1.1 Why Study Chemistry? Chemistry can be useful in explaining the natural world, preparing people for career opportunities, and producing informed citizens.

Why Study Chemistry? Explaining the Natural World 1.1 Why Study Chemistry? Explaining the Natural World Chemistry can help you satisfy your natural desire to understand how things work.

Why Study Chemistry? Preparing For a Career 1.1 Why Study Chemistry? Preparing For a Career Many careers require knowledge of chemistry. A photographer uses chemical processes to control the development of photographs in a darkroom. Even after the invention of the digital camera, many photographers still work with film. They use chemical processes to develop film and produce prints in a darkroom. Inferring Why isn’t film developed under natural light conditions?

Why Study Chemistry? Being an Informed Citizen 1.1 Why Study Chemistry? Being an Informed Citizen Knowledge of chemistry and other sciences can help you evaluate the data presented, arrive at an informed opinion, and take appropriate action. By registering to vote, these citizens in Chicago, Illinois, can have a say in the decisions made by their government. Those decisions include how much money to provide for scientific research.

Problem Solving in Chemistry 1.4 Problem Solving in Chemistry Shape-sorter toys fascinate young children. Typically, the children try placing a shape in different holes until they find the right one. The trial-and-error approach is one method of problem solving, but it is usually not the best one.

Skills Used in Solving Problems 1.4 Skills Used in Solving Problems Skills Used in Solving Problems What is a general approach to solving a problem?

Skills Used in Solving Problems 1.4 Skills Used in Solving Problems Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan and then implementing that plan.

Skills Used in Solving Problems 1.4 Skills Used in Solving Problems Shopping involves problem solving skills. A shopper must make many decision. Some of those decisions are based on data, like the information on a food label.

Solving Numeric Problems 1.4 Solving Numeric Problems Solving Numeric Problems What are the three steps for solving numeric problems?

Solving Numeric Problems 1.4 Solving Numeric Problems The steps for solving a numeric word problem are analyze, calculate, and evaluate. This flowchart summarizes the steps for solving a numeric problem. Predicting In which step do you make a plan for getting from what is known to what is unknown?

Solving Numeric Problems 1.4 Solving Numeric Problems Analyze To solve a word problem, you must first determine where you are starting from (identify what is known) and where you are going (identify the unknown). After you identify the known and the unknown, you need to make a plan for getting from the known to the unknown.

Solving Numeric Problems 1.4 Solving Numeric Problems Calculate If you make an effective plan, doing the calculations is usually the easiest part of the process. Evaluate Check that your answer is reasonable and makes sense. Check that it has the correct unit and the correct number of significant figures.

1.1

Figure 1.25 Map of Indianapolis Refer to this map of Indianapolis, Indiana, while you do Sample Problem 1.1. Interpreting Diagrams In the section of downtown bounded by north, east, south, and west streets, the main streets and avenues are named for states. What are the five exceptions to this pattern?

Solving Numeric Problems 1.1 Solving Numeric Problems

Solving Numeric Problems 1.1 Solving Numeric Problems

Solving Numeric Problems 1.1 Solving Numeric Problems

Solving Numeric Problems for Sample Problem 1.1 Solving Numeric Problems

Solving Conceptual Problems 1.4 Solving Conceptual Problems Solving Conceptual Problems What are the two steps for solving conceptual problems?

Solving Conceptual Problems 1.4 Solving Conceptual Problems The steps for solving a conceptual problem are analyze and solve. This flowchart shows the two steps used for solving a conceptual problem. Comparing and Contrasting With a conceptual problem, why is the second step called Solve rather than Calculate?

Solving Conceptual Problems Caption

Solving Conceptual Problems Caption

Solving Conceptual Problems

for Conceptual Problem 1.1

1.4 Section Quiz 1.4

1.4 Section Quiz 1. Effective problem solving always involves developing a plan and then evaluating the plan. doing calculations. making an estimate. implementing the plan.

1.4 Section Quiz 2. During the analyze step for solving a numeric word problem, you make an estimate of the answer using correct units. rearrange an equation to solve for an unknown. identify what is known and unknown and make a plan. convert a measurement from one unit to another.

1.4 Section Quiz 3. The steps for solving a conceptual problem are solve and evaluate. analyze, solve, and evaluate. analyze and solve. analyze, calculate, and evaluate.

Chem ASAP Concept Map 1 Solve the Concept Map with the help of an interactive guided tutorial.