AP United States History Unit 9 Cold War America AP United States History Unit 9

Stages of the Cold War Years Phase Key Events 1945-1962 Early Cold War: Escalating Tensions Berlin Crisis & Airlift NATO & Warsaw Pact formed Korean War Arms Race (H-bomb) & Space Race Second/Third Berlin Crisises & Berlin Wall Bay of Pigs / Cuban Missile Crisis 1964-1973 Vietnam War Era Gulf of Tonkin Incident Tet Offensive Anti-war protests Mao’s Cultural Revolution Fall of Vietnam to communism 1969-1979 Détente End of Vietnam War Nixon visits China SALT treaties Helsinki Accords Soviets invade Afghanistan 1981-1991 End of the Cold War: Soviet Decline and Collapse Reagan increases defense spending “Star Wars” (SDI) Gorbachev’s reforms Reagan: “Tear down this wall” Fall of Berlin Wall Collapse of Soviet Union

Kennan’s “X Article” “ideology... taught them (Soviets) that it was their duty eventually to overthrow the political forces beyond their borders.” If anything happened that disrupted “the unity and efficacy of the party as a political instrument, Soviet Russia might be changed overnight from one of the strongest to one of the weakest and most pitiable of national societies.” “Its political action is a fluid stream which moves constantly, wherever it is permitted to move, toward a given goal. Its main concern is to make sure that it has filled every nook and cranny available to it in the basin of world power.” “The main element of any US policy toward the Soviet Union must be that of a long-term, patient but firm and vigilant containment of Russian expansionist tendencies.” “This must mean more than rhetoric (bluster is worthless, if not counterproductive, since it shows your weakness emotionally).” “a policy of firm containment, designed to confront the Rusians with unalterable counter-force at every point where they show signs of encroaching upon the interests of a peaceful and stable world.”

Truman Doctrine (1947) At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. The choice is too often not a free one. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes.

Containment Policy: Truman Economic & Financial Aid Military Readiness & Intervention Aid to Greece and Turkey NATO Marshall Plan National Security Act (Department of Defense, NSC, CIA) Berlin Airlift Development of H-bomb Aid to Chinese Nationalists Korean War Aid to Israel

The Marshall Plan (1947) The modern system of the division of labor upon which the exchange of products is based is in danger of breaking down. . . . Aside from the demoralizing effect on the world at large and the possibilities of disturbances arising as a result of the desperation of the people concerned, the consequences to the economy of the United States should be apparent to all. It is logical that the United States should do whatever it is able to do to assist in the return of normal economic health to the world, without which there can be no political stability and no assured peace. Our policy is not directed against any country, but against hunger, poverty, desperation and chaos. Any government that is willing to assist in recovery will find full co-operation on the part of the U.S.A. Its purpose should be the revival of a working economy in the world so as to permit the emergence of political and social conditions in which free institutions can exist.

Marshall Plan

Korean War (1950-1953)

National Defense Budget

Containment Policy: Eisenhower Economic & Financial Aid Military Readiness & Intervention Peace Initiatives Aid to South Vietnam under Ngo Dinh Diem CIA coup in Iran Korean War armistice Eisenhower Doctrine (aid to Middle East) CIA coup in Guatemala Pressure on Allies to withdraw from Suez National Defense Education Act (NDEA) “atoms for peace” NASA Geneva Conference (“summit”) U-2 spy missions “open skies” Planning for Bay of Pigs Acceptance of Soviet sphere in Hungarian Revolt

Sputnik

1950s Scientific Progress 1951 -- First IBM Mainframe Computer 1952 -- Hydrogen Bomb Test 1953 -- DNA Structure Discovered 1954 -- Salk Vaccine Tested for Polio 1957 -- First Commercial U. S. Nuclear Power Plant 1958 -- NASA Created 1959 -- Press Conference of the First 7 American Astronauts

U-2 Incident

Eisenhower’s Farewell Address A vital element in keeping the peace is our military establishment. Our arms must be mighty, ready for instant action, so that no potential aggressor may be tempted to risk his own destruction... This conjunction of an immense military establishment and a large arms industry is new in the American experience. The total influence — economic, political, even spiritual — is felt in every city, every statehouse, every office of the federal government. We recognize the imperative need for this development. Yet we must not fail to comprehend its grave implications.

Eisenhower’s Farewell Address Our toil, resources and livelihood are all involved; so is the very structure of our society. In the councils of government, we must guard against the acquisition of unwarranted influence, whether sought or unsought, by the military-industrial complex. The potential for the disastrous rise of misplaced power exists and will persist. We must never let the weight of this combination endanger our liberties or democratic processes. We should take nothing for granted. Only an alert and knowledgeable citizenry can compel the proper meshing of the huge industrial and military machinery of defense with our peaceful methods and goals so that security and liberty may prosper together.