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1.1 1.5 1.2 1.3 1.4 starting with including including first then Roadmap Chapter 1 Page 1 In this chapter you will learn about Key themes to structure your thinking about Biology starting with including including What does it mean to say that something is alive? Two of the greatest unifying ideas in Biology The process of doing Biology 1.1 1.5 first then The theory of evolution by natural selection The cell theory 1.2 1.3 predicts The tree of life 1.4

If this is a Science Course, then the first thing we should learn is what Science is, right? tumblr_mczd4kLOuo1qgsgebo1_1280.jpg With apologies to: Nightmare Before Christmas

Science: a methodical approach to the acquisition of knowledge Observation: Use the metric (SI) units to measure your world! Question: Be curious-the bad question is the one you fail to ask! Hypothesis: Make falsifiable educated guess to answer question Prediction: If the hypothesis is true… then the dependent variable will respond… when I manipulate the independent variable. Experiment: Manipulate the independent variable=treatment Compare the response to an unmanipulated control Analysis: Use statistical test and allow % for statistical error Type 1: rejecting a true H -- Type2: failing to reject false H Decision: Reject hypothesis or Cannot reject hypothesis

Scientific Method Observation Question Hypothesis Prediction Experiment Analysis Decision revise re-test from different perspective Reject Cannot Reject after many cycles without rejection Hypothesis becomes Theory

We are all born as scientists and do the scientific method innately. As an example, we will walk through a more adult experience, and see how your natural reactions to the situation include almost instant application of multiple cycles of the scientific method! http://cdn2.bigcommerce.com/server5100/48dcb/products/43/images/116/scientificmethod__92804.1338919332.1280.1280.jpg

Here is a normal behavior: Scientific Method Bulb In? Power On? Switch Broken? Wire Shorted? Plugged In? Paid Bill? Bulb Burned Out? Bulb loose? Here is a normal behavior: On all of your note cards, write your FIRST and LAST names. Your FIRST name should be written as YOU would like to be called. On each card write the QUESTION NUMBER and then the CHOICE you make to answer the question.

1. The “Bulb Absent” hypothesis was tested first because: It is likely someone stole the bulb. It is the correct step in the scientific method. Bulbs often disappear and reappear magically. The test of this hypothesis is easy, fast, and decisive. Hand in your card

2. Which would be the most conclusive observation during the experiment testing the “Power Is Out” hypothesis? All neighboring houses are dark. Some neighbor’s houses have light inside. Other lights in my house are out. Streetlights and Stoplights are out. Hand in your card

3. In testing the “Switch is Broken” hypothesis, why the multiple flips? Had to be 100% sure of results. Required to prove hypothesis. To exceed the number of trials needed to meet the chosen % allowed for statistical error. Number chosen randomly by the person. Hand in your card

Scientific Method Bulb In? Power On? Switch Broken? Wire Shorted? Plugged In? Paid Bill? Bulb Burned Out? Bulb loose? http://farm4.static.flickr.com/3280/2783503789_70a1456f19.jpg?v=0 after many cycles without rejection Hypothesis becomes Theory Theory of Evolution Law of Conservation of Matter Law of Conservation of Energy An Alternative Lamp Theory?

Louis Pasteur: Testing The Question of Spontaneous Generation French Biochemist and Microbiologist 1822-1895 Germ Theory of Disease Pasteurization of Food (60°C 30 min) Vaccinations against Rabies and Anthrax http://realmofbiochemistry.files.wordpress.com/2013/03/louis-pasteur-9434402-1-4021.jpg

Do cells arise spontaneously or from other cells? Page 4 Figure 1.2 Do cells arise spontaneously or from other cells? Cells arise spontaneously from nonliving materials. Cells are produced only when preexisting cells grow and divide. Pasteur experiment with straight-necked flask: Pasteur experiment with swan-necked flask: 1. Place nutrient broth in straight-necked flask. 1. Place nutrient broth in swan-necked flask. Cells Cells 2. Boil to sterilize the flask (killing any living cells that were in the broth). 2. Boil to sterilize the flask (killing any living cells that were in the broth). Condensation settles in neck No cells Cells No cells Cells 3. Preexisting cells enter flask from air. 3. Preexisting cells from air are trapped in swan neck. Cells will appear in broth. Cells will appear in broth. Cells will appear in broth. Cells will not appear in broth. Spontaneous generation hypothesis rejected Both hypotheses supported Cells No cells Cells arise from preexisting cells, not spontaneously from nonliving material.