Nationalism, Identity, and Citizenship Turkey and Globalization/ Europeanization

Kurdish Conflict Recognition of their distinct ethnic identity. Embedded in violent ethnic conflict. Problem of national security Rise of Kurdish nationalism: Different political projects: secession, federalism, local autonomy, multi-cultural citizenship PKK uprising and state of emergency. Rights violations and internal displacement Political limits 1999 Capture of Abdullah Ocalan 2003 US Invasion of Iraq and changing position of Kurdish Regional Government in Iraq

Politics of Identity- Globalization/ Europeanization Growing significance of sub-national and transnational identity claims Challenge the assimilationist dimension of Turkish nationalism Problem of national security versus democracy Redefinition of minority Minority as legal status or as factual status Individual rights or group rights Desirability of minority status Multicultural citizenship Right to difference

Kurdish Conflict Cultural rights Political rights Right to use Kurdish language in speech, media, political campaigning, public services, right to teach Kurdish, and right to education in Kurdish, right to establish cultural associations Political rights Freedom of expression reduction of 10% threshold in electoral system Restrictions on banning political parties Kurds constitutionally recognized as a co-founding nation. Strengthening local governments

Kurdish issue and Turkish political reform 2001 freedom of expression in languages other than Turkish 2002 broadcasting in languages other than Turkish 2002 lifting of state of emergency in southeastern Turkey –Law on Compensation for Damages Arising from Terror and Combating Terror 2003 teaching minority languages in private courses 2004 public broadcasting in languages other than Turkish

Alevi revival Recognition of their distinct religious identity Reaction against the rise of Sunni Islam 1993 Madimak massacre, 1995 Gazi events Importance of secularism Diversity of Turkish Islam Exemption from Sunni religious instruction. Inclusion of Alevi Islam in religious education. State support for places of worship Restructuring State directorate of religion Not seeking religious minority status

Non-Muslims Greeks, Armenians, and Jews: legal minority under Lausanne Treaty Construction as foreigners Principle of reciprocity versus citizenship rights Property rights of non-Muslim foundations Confiscation of property since 1936 Right to train clergy- opening of Halki seminary Pursuit of communal rights versus citizenship rights: case of Sari Gelin documentary Rights of non-Muslims not recognized under Lausanne treaty