BIO 244: General Microbiology Chapter 9 Biotechnology and ___________ DNA Watson and Crick 1953

Biotechnology and Recombinant DNA The use of microorganisms, cells, or cell components to_____________________ Foods – bacteria to make yogurt, yeast to make dough Antibiotics Vitamins Enzymes – to remove stains RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY: Insertion or modification of ________ to produce desired proteins Using living organisms as factories to make products that they _____________________ = GENETIC ENGINEERING

______________ DNA TECHNOLOGY Figure 9.1 ______________ DNA TECHNOLOGY

TOOLS in RECOMBINANT DNA PROCEDURES ____________ENZYMES cut desired ____ sequences ________________ carry new DNA to desired cells ______________ CELL (host) make genetically identical cells that replicate genes POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION ________

______________ ENZYMES DNA ___________ Enzymes Cut ____________ sequences of DNA Destroy ____________ DNA that enters bacterial cells

_______________ Types of Vectors: Carry new DNA to desired cell ________________ Circular, extrachromosomal DNA _________________ Bacteriophages Virus

RECIPIENT _________ CELLS DESIRABLE FEATURES: Rapid turnover, fast ______________ Can be grown in large quantities, ________________________ Nonpathogenic _______ are well-mapped Capable of accepting plasmid or bacteriophage vectors Will produce high yield of ___________ from expressed foreign genes

_____________ Chain Reaction (PCR) A molecular __________ machine for DNA amplification ________ DNA - sequence of DNA with selected gene Primers – short pieces of nucleic acids that dictate portion of DNA to be amplified Figure 9.4.1

Figure 9.4.2

Summary of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) To make multiple copies of a piece of DNA ________________ Production of billions of copies of __________ DNA sequences Used to: ________ DNA for recombination ________ DNA to detectable levels Sequence DNA Diagnose genetic disease Detect __________ By using primers unique to a specific organism

DNA ________ to IDENTIFY _______ Figure 9.12.1

RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY Therapeutic Applications Efficient, inexpensive product production hormones Gene therapy to replace defective or missing genes Human ________ Project: J. Craig Venter and Francis Collins Human genome sequenced 3.1 billion base pairs that make up DNA had been identified and put in proper order Human _______ Project may provide diagnostics and treatments

Fundamental Tools in Genetic Engineering/Biotechnology _____________ ENZYMES ____ DNA into fragments GEL ELECTROPHORESIS Separate DNA fragments according to __________ Agarose gel Electric current DNA _________ Single-stranded pieces of DNA __________________ ______________ Single-stranded DNA Serve as sites for DNA polymerase to bind

TOOLS of GENETIC ENGINEERING- Agarose Gel Electrophoresis and ___________

Recombinant Technique: ______________ The use of _______ to identify given DNA sequences

____________________

Recombinant Technique: DNA Fingerprinting Science takes the Witness Stand Features: Restriction Enzymes Cut DNA Electrophoresis Separates ________________ Hybridization probes Locate specific DNA sequences _________ To increase the number of DNA copies ________________ Technique Produce visible record

DNA Fingerprinting

Treating a disease by _________________