Chapter 12 Self Assessment Part 1

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord Brain consists of four divisions, each distinct in type of input it receives and where it sends its output: 1. 2. 3. 4. Figure 12.1 Divisions of the brain (lateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord Brain consists of four divisions, each distinct in type of input it receives and where it sends its output: Cerebrum Diencephalon Cerebellum Brainstem Figure 12.1 Divisions of the brain (lateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord __________ – enlarged superior portion of brain; divided into left and right ________________ Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided into _____ lobes containing groups of neurons that perform specific tasks Responsible for _________________________________________________________ Performs major roles in _________ and __________ as well © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord Cerebrum – enlarged superior portion of brain; divided into left and right cerebral hemispheres Each cerebral hemisphere is further divided into five lobes containing groups of neurons that perform specific tasks Responsible for higher mental function such as learning, memory, personality, cognition (thinking), language, and conscience Performs major roles in sensation and movement as well © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord _________ – deep underneath cerebral hemispheres; central core of brain Consists of four distinct structural and functional parts Responsible for ______, ________, and _________ information to different parts of brain, homeostatic functions, regulation of movement, and biological rhythms © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord Diencephalon – deep underneath cerebral hemispheres; central core of brain Consists of four distinct structural and functional parts Responsible for processing, integrating, and relaying information to different parts of brain, homeostatic functions, regulation of movement, and biological rhythms © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord _________ – posterior and inferior portion of brain Divided into left and right hemispheres Heavily involved in ________ and ________________, especially complex activities such as playing a sport or an instrument © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord Cerebellum – posterior and inferior portion of brain Divided into left and right hemispheres Heavily involved in planning and coordination of movement, especially complex activities such as playing a sport or an instrument © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord ___________ – connects brain to spinal cord Involved in basic _______ homeostatic functions Control of certain reflexes Monitoring ___________ __________ and __________ information to other parts of nervous system © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord Brainstem – connects brain to spinal cord Involved in basic involuntary homeostatic functions Control of certain reflexes Monitoring movement Integrating and relaying information to other parts of nervous system © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord _______________– found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of myelinated axons Each lobe of cerebrum contains bundles of white matter called _____; receives input from and sends output to clusters of cell bodies and dendrites in cerebral gray matter called _______ (Figure 12.2a) Spinal cord contains white matter tracts that shuttle information processed by nuclei in spinal gray matter (Figure 12.2b) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord White matter – found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of myelinated axons Each lobe of cerebrum contains bundles of white matter called tracts; receives input from and sends output to clusters of cell bodies and dendrites in cerebral gray matter called nuclei (Figure 12.2a) Spinal cord contains white matter tracts that shuttle information processed by nuclei in spinal gray matter (Figure 12.2b) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord _______– found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons Outer few millimeters of cerebrum is gray matter; deeper portions of brain are mostly ________with some _____ matter scattered throughout Spinal cord is mostly gray matter that _________ information (in cord center); surrounded by tracts of white matter (outside); __________to and from brain © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord Gray matter – found in both brain and spinal cord; consists of neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons Outer few millimeters of cerebrum is gray matter; deeper portions of brain are mostly white matter with some gray matter scattered throughout Spinal cord is mostly gray matter that processes information (in cord center); surrounded by tracts of white matter (outside); relays information to and from brain © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Basic Structure of the Brain and Spinal Cord Figure 12.2 White and gray matter in the CNS. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

Overview of CNS Development Figure 12.3 Development of the brain. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. _____________ – structure responsible for higher mental functions (Figures 12.4–12.9, Table 12.1) Gross anatomical features of cerebrum include: _______ – shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum; ________ – elevated ridges found between sulci; together increase surface area of brain; maximizing limited space within confines of skull; example of Structure-Function Core Principle . © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Cerebrum – structure responsible for higher mental functions (Figures 12.4–12.9, Table 12.1) Gross anatomical features of cerebrum include: Sulci – shallow grooves on surface of cerebrum; gyri – elevated ridges found between sulci; together increase surface area of brain; maximizing limited space within confines of skull; example of Structure-Function Core Principle Figure 12.4 Structure of the cerebrum. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Gross anatomical features (continued): _________ – deep grooves found on surface of cerebrum ____________ fissure – long deep groove that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres A cavity is found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; right hemisphere surrounds right lateral ventricle; left hemisphere surrounds left lateral ventricle © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Gross anatomical features (continued): Fissures – deep grooves found on surface of cerebrum Longitudinal fissure – long deep groove that separates left and right cerebral hemispheres A cavity is found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; right hemisphere surrounds right lateral ventricle; left hemisphere surrounds left lateral ventricle © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Figure 12.4b Structure of the cerebrum. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Five lobes are found in each hemisphere of cerebrum (Figure 12.4): 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Five lobes are found in each hemisphere of cerebrum (Figure 12.4): Frontal lobe Parietal lobe Temporal lobe Occipital lobe Insula © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Five lobes of cerebrum (continued): Frontal lobes – most anterior lobes Posterior border – called central sulcus; sits just behind precentral gyrus Neurons in these lobes are responsible for planning and executing movement and complex mental functions such as behavior, conscience, and personality © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Five lobes of cerebrum (continued): Parietal lobes – just posterior to frontal lobes Contains postcentral gyrus posterior to central sulcus Neurons in these lobes are responsible for processing and integrating sensory information and function in attention © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Five lobes of cerebrum (continued): Temporal lobes – form lateral surfaces of each cerebral hemisphere Separated from parietal and frontal lobes by lateral fissure Neurons in these lobes are involved in hearing, language, memory, and emotions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Five lobes of cerebrum (continued): Occipital lobes make up posterior aspect of each cerebral hemisphere Separated from parietal lobe by parieto-occipital sulcus Neurons in these lobes process all information related to vision © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

© 2016 Pearson Education, Inc. The Cerebrum Five lobes of cerebrum (continued): Insulas – deep underneath lateral fissures; neurons in these lobes are currently thought to be involved in functions related to taste and viscera (internal organs) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Gray Matter: _______________– functionally most complex part of cortex; covers underlying cerebral hemispheres Most of cerebral cortex is neocortex (most recently evolved region of brain); has a huge surface area Composed of 6 layers (of neurons and neuroglia) of variable widths (Figure 12.5) All neurons in cortex are interneurons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex – functionally most complex part of cortex; covers underlying cerebral hemispheres Most of cerebral cortex is neocortex (most recently evolved region of brain); has a huge surface area Composed of 6 layers (of neurons and neuroglia) of variable widths (Figure 12.5) All neurons in cortex are interneurons © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued): Functions of neocortex revolve around conscious processes such as planning movement, interpreting incoming sensory information, and complex higher functions Neocortex is divided into three areas: _____________,_________________,_______________ © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued): Functions of neocortex revolve around conscious processes such as planning movement, interpreting incoming sensory information, and complex higher functions Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (next slide) © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued): Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (continued): _______________– plans and executes movement ___________________– first regions to receive and process sensory input __________________integrate different types of information: ________ areas integrate one specific type of information ________ areas integrate information from multiple different sources and carry out many higher mental functions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Gray Matter: Cerebral Cortex (continued): Neocortex is divided into three areas: primary motor cortex, primary sensory cortices, and association areas (continued): Primary motor cortex – plans and executes movement Primary sensory cortices – first regions to receive and process sensory input Association areas integrate different types of information: Unimodal areas integrate one specific type of information Multimodal areas integrate information from multiple different sources and carry out many higher mental functions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Figure 12.5 Structure of the cerebral cortex (left hemisphere, lateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter _____________– most are located in _______ lobe; contain upper motor neurons which are interneurons that connect to other neurons (not skeletal muscle) _______________; involved in conscious planning of movement; located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe Upper motor neurons of each cerebral hemisphere control motor activity of opposite side of body via PNS neurons called _______ motor neurons; execute order to move © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Motor areas – most are located in frontal lobe; contain upper motor neurons which are interneurons that connect to other neurons (not skeletal muscle) Primary motor cortex; involved in conscious planning of movement; located in precentral gyrus of frontal lobe Upper motor neurons of each cerebral hemisphere control motor activity of opposite side of body via PNS neurons called lower motor neurons; execute order to move © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Movement requires input from many motor association areas such as large ____________located anterior to primary motor cortex Motor association areas are unimodal areas involved in planning, guidance, coordination, and execution of movement Frontal eye fields – paired motor association areas; one on each side of brain anterior to premotor cortex; involved in back and forth eye movements as in reading © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Movement requires input from many motor association areas such as large premotor cortex located anterior to primary motor cortex Motor association areas are unimodal areas involved in planning, guidance, coordination, and execution of movement Frontal eye fields – paired motor association areas; one on each side of brain anterior to premotor cortex; involved in back and forth eye movements as in reading © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices Two main somatosensory areas in cerebral cortex; deal with somatic senses; information about temperature, touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, and joint position _______________(S1) – in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe ______________(S2) – posterior to S1 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices Two main somatosensory areas in cerebral cortex; deal with somatic senses; information about temperature, touch, vibration, pressure, stretch, and joint position Primary somatosensory area (S1) – in postcentral gyrus of parietal lobe Somatosensory association cortex (S2) – posterior to S1 © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): Special senses – touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste each have a primary and a unimodal association area as does sense of equilibrium (balance); found in all lobes of cortex except frontal lobe _______________-– at posterior end of occipital lobe; first area to receive visual input; transferred to visual association area which processes color, object movement, and depth © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): Special senses – touch, vision, hearing, smell, and taste each have a primary and a unimodal association area as does sense of equilibrium (balance); found in all lobes of cortex except frontal lobe Primary visual cortex – at posterior end of occipital lobe; first area to receive visual input; transferred to visual association area which processes color, object movement, and depth © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): Special senses (continued): Primary auditory cortex – in superior _________ lobe; first to receive auditory information; input is transferred to nearby auditory ________ cortex and other multimodal association areas for further processing © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): Special senses (continued): Primary auditory cortex – in superior temporal lobe; first to receive auditory information; input is transferred to nearby auditory association cortex and other multimodal association areas for further processing © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): Special senses (continued): _________ cortex – taste information processing; scattered throughout both insula and parietal lobes Vestibular areas – deal with _________ and positional sensations; located in parietal and temporal lobes © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): Special senses (continued): Gustatory cortex – taste information processing; scattered throughout both insula and parietal lobes Vestibular areas – deal with equilibrium and positional sensations; located in parietal and temporal lobes © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): Special senses (continued): _______ cortex – processes sense of smell; in evolutionarily older regions of brain; consists of several areas in limbic and medial temporal lobes © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Sensory Cortices (continued): Special senses (continued): Olfactory cortex – processes sense of smell; in evolutionarily older regions of brain; consists of several areas in limbic and medial temporal lobes © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Figure 12.5 Structure of the cerebral cortex (left hemisphere, lateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas – regions of cortex that allow us to perform complex mental functions: Language – processed in two areas of cortex: _____________area – in anterolateral frontal lobe; premotor area responsible for ability to produce speech sounds ____________ area (integrative speech area) – in temporal and parietal lobes; responsible for ability to understand language © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas – regions of cortex that allow us to perform complex mental functions: Language – processed in two areas of cortex: Broca’s area – in anterolateral frontal lobe; premotor area responsible for ability to produce speech sounds Wernicke’s area (integrative speech area) – in temporal and parietal lobes; responsible for ability to understand language © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas (continued): ____________ cortex occupies most of frontal lobe; communicates with diencephalon, other regions of cerebral gray matter, and association areas located in other lobes; many functions including modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an individual’s personality state © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas (continued): Prefrontal cortex occupies most of frontal lobe; communicates with diencephalon, other regions of cerebral gray matter, and association areas located in other lobes; many functions including modulating behavior, personality, learning, memory, and an individual’s personality state © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas (continued): ________ and ____________ association areas – occupy most of their respective lobes; perform multiple functions including integration of sensory information, language, maintaining attention, recognition, and spatial awareness © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Multimodal association areas (continued): Parietal and temporal association areas – occupy most of their respective lobes; perform multiple functions including integration of sensory information, language, maintaining attention, recognition, and spatial awareness © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Basal nuclei, found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; cluster of neuron cell bodies, involved in movement; separated from diencephalon by a region of white matter called internal capsule; includes (Figure 12.6): 1. 2. 3. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Basal nuclei, found deep within each cerebral hemisphere; cluster of neuron cell bodies, involved in movement; separated from diencephalon by a region of white matter called internal capsule; includes (Figure 12.6): Caudate nuclei Putamen Globus pallidus © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Basal nuclei (continued): ____________ – C-shaped rings of gray matter; lateral to lateral ventricle of each hemisphere with anteriorly oriented tail _________ – posterior and inferior to caudate nucleus; connected to caudate nucleus by small bridges of gray matter; combination of putamen and caudate are sometimes called ________________ ______________-sits medial to putamen; contains more myelinated fibers than other regions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Basal nuclei (continued): Caudate nuclei – C-shaped rings of gray matter; lateral to lateral ventricle of each hemisphere with anteriorly oriented tail Putamen – posterior and inferior to caudate nucleus; connected to caudate nucleus by small bridges of gray matter; combination of putamen and caudate are sometimes called corpus striatum Globus pallidus sits medial to putamen; contains more myelinated fibers than other regions © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-Gray Matter Figure 12.6 Structure of the basal nuclei (anterolateral view). © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-White Matter Cerebral white matter can be classified as one of three types (Figure 12.7): ______________– connect right and left hemispheres; corpus callosum, largest of four groups in this category, lies in middle of brain at base of longitudinal fissure _____________ – connect cerebral cortex of one hemisphere with other areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain, and spinal cord; corona radiata are fibers that spread out in a radiating pattern; condense around diencephalon to form two V-shaped bands called internal capsules ______________– restricted to a single hemisphere; connect gray matter of cortical gyri with one another © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-White Matter Cerebral white matter can be classified as one of three types (Figure 12.7): Commissural fibers – connect right and left hemispheres; corpus callosum, largest of four groups in this category, lies in middle of brain at base of longitudinal fissure Projection fibers – connect cerebral cortex of one hemisphere with other areas of same hemisphere, other parts of brain, and spinal cord; corona radiata are fibers that spread out in a radiating pattern; condense around diencephalon to form two V-shaped bands called internal capsules Association fibers – restricted to a single hemisphere; connect gray matter of cortical gyri with one another © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Cerebrum-White Matter Figure 12.7 Structure of cerebral white matter. © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.