Student 10 Sarah Pre- Feedback Theory: 20 mins Richard Galletly, Aston University

Student needs Writing effective introductions and conclusions Summaries Paraphrasing instead of quoting End of text internet source referencing

Introduction/ conclusion Introduction: general statement and organisational statement. Background to your writing, show that you know why the topic is important, reword the question into a problem to solve if necessary Development: several paragraphs relating to the topic Each section develops a subdivision of the topic, the paragraphs are linked together to connect the ideas, the purpose of writing must be kept clear throughout Conclusion: recall issues in introduction, draw together the main points and make a final comment Summarise the main issues raised in the introduction, draw together the points made, explain the overall significance of the conclusions, what general points can be drawn from the essay as a whole? It should show that the purpose of the text has been achieved – the question answered (Gillett, 2009 p221)

Writing summaries Summarising – when you retell a story in your own words in a similar length: it is paraphrasing. When you shorten it, it is summarising – retelling only the most important points and leaving out the details. Keys to writing a good summary: 1: Use your own words and your own sentence structure 2: remember that a summary is much shorter than a paraphrase. Include only the main points and supporting points, leaving out most of the details 3: do not change the meaning of the original (Oshima, 2006 p137)

How to summarise 1, Read carefully, get the general purpose, ask yourself what the main message is, is the writer trying to persuade or inform? 2, Locate the main and supporting points, underline the words, phrases, clauses, and sentences that contain the main and supporting points 3, paraphrase the main points you have marked 4, write a paragraph combining the main points into a paragraph. Include in-text references. If your summary is more than three sentences long you should include a topic sentence (Fitzpatrick, 2011 p223).

End of text internet source references Brandt, K.H., (2001) Working the system [online]. Available from: www.hvn.ac.uk/econ/trickco.htm [accessed 1.4.01] Why is it important to say what date the material was accessed? Blah blah blah (Brandt, 2001) According to Brandt, blah blah blah (2001) (source: McMillan, 2010: 197)

References I Bailey, S. (2011). Academic Writing for International Students of Business. Oxon: Routledge. Bowell, T. & Kemp, G. (2010). Critical Thinking: a Concise Guide. Oxon: Routledge. Burke, D. & Pieterick, J. (2010). Giving Students Effective Written Feedback. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education. Cottrell, S. (2005). Critical Thinking Skills. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan. Fitzpatrick, M. (2011). Engaging Writing 2: Essential Skills for Academic Writing. NY: Pearson Education. Gillett, A., Hammond, A. & Martala, M. (2009). Successful Academic Writing. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.

References II Hewings, M. (2005). Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. McMillan, K. & Weyers, J. (2010). How to write essays and assignments. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd. Murphy, R. (2004). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (2006). Writing Academic English: level 4. NY: Pearson Education. Reinders, H., Moore, N. & Lewis, M. (2008). The International Student Handbook. London: Palgrave Macmillan. Swales, J.M. & Feak, C.B. (2007). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.

References III Swan, M. (2005). Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Tissington, P., Hasel, M. & Matthiesen, J. (2009). How to Write Successful Business and Management Essays. London: Sage Publications Ltd.