1. FAVOR Project: Student 1 Anthony Pre- Feedback Theory: 20 mins
Richard Galletly, Aston University

2. Student needs How to structure an essay Using articles
The logical division essay
Identifying reliable sources
In-text referencing/ citations
Where to put citations in text
Using plurals- is/ are
Using linking words for ‘flow’ in text
Writing a list of references at the end of a text
Constructing an evaluative argument

3. Student AL, advice given previous week:
Introduction: Background, what I intend to prove and the structure of my essay…
Definition of ‘food miles’
Why is the term ‘food miles’ important?
Why are food miles relevant?
How does the term ‘food miles’ help the consumer?
How does the term ‘food miles’ not help the consumer? Is it really useful or not?
Justify your original point of view…
Conclusion: Summary of my essay, my original point of view and my conclusion of the argument, followed by the implications of my findings…

4. Essay Structure
The introduction leads the reader into the main section, it provides background information and explains which aspects of it will be covered in the essay, and in which order
The development section will present your ideas in a series of paragraphs, these must flow, so that the reader can follow your line of argument
The conclusion summarises the main points of the paragraphs, and can include an opinion that you have reached as a result of your research.
A list of references should be written at the end of your work to give full details of any sources that have been mentioned (Gillett, 2009 p8)

5. Logical Division
The body paragraphs of an essay are there to develop your topic and prove your points in a structured way. They support your argument
The paragraphs should be organised in some sort of pattern, like order of time or comparison/ contrast
A basic pattern would be dividing your topic into different ideas. Each sub-topic is discussed separately, for example causes, reasons, types, advantages, etc.
A common logical division question could be: Discuss the causes of the U.S. Civil War. (Oshima, 2006 p65)

6. Referencing
Book
Surname, initials. (Year). Title. Place of publication: Publisher.
Online
Brandt, K. H., (2001). Working the System [online]. Available from: [accessed ]
In- text referencing
Statistics indicate … may be as high as 30 per cent (Brandt, 2001).
Secondary sources (one’s you haven’t read but which are quoted in a source you are using)
Vroom (1964, cited in Fincham & Rhodes, 2005 p208) argues that a person’s motivation depends on the …

7. Grammar: Articles
Joe says: “I had a sandwich and an apple for lunch. The sandwich wasn’t very good, but the apple was nice”
Joe says ‘a sandwich’ because this is the first time he talks about them
Joe now says ‘the sandwich’ because the listener now knows which sandwich he means.
‘the’ = “you know which one I mean”
When you can’t say “you know which one I mean” we use a/an or use no article: “I’m afraid of rats” (Swan, 2005:52; Murphy, 2005:144)

8. Argumentative Essay
Position: you have a point of view which you are attempting to persuade your reader to accept
Reasons: propositions to support your argument
A line of reasoning: a set of reasons presented in a logical order, making it clear how these reasons lead to a conclusion
Conclusion: an argument leads towards a conclusion, a position that the author wants you to accept
Persuasion: the purpose is to persuade
Signal words to help the reader follow your argument (Cottrell, 2005 p47)

9. References I
Bailey, S. (2011). Academic Writing for International Students of Business. Oxon: Routledge.
Bowell, T. & Kemp, G. (2010). Critical Thinking: a Concise Guide. Oxon: Routledge.
Burke, D. & Pieterick, J. (2010). Giving Students Effective Written Feedback. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill Education.
Cottrell, S. (2005). Critical Thinking Skills. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
Fitzpatrick, M. (2011). Engaging Writing 2: Essential Skills for Academic Writing. NY: Pearson Education.
Gillett, A., Hammond, A. & Martala, M. (2009). Successful Academic Writing. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.

10. References II
Hewings, M. (2005). Advanced Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
McMillan, K. & Weyers, J. (2010). How to write essays and assignments. Harlow: Pearson Education Ltd.
Murphy, R. (2004). English Grammar in Use. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oshima, A. & Hogue, A. (2006). Writing Academic English: level 4. NY: Pearson Education.
Reinders, H., Moore, N. & Lewis, M. (2008). The International Student Handbook. London: Palgrave Macmillan.
Swales, J.M. & Feak, C.B. (2007). Academic Writing for Graduate Students. Michigan: The University of Michigan Press.

11. References III
Swan, M. (2005). Practical English Usage. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Tissington, P., Hasel, M. & Matthiesen, J. (2009). How to Write Successful Business and Management Essays. London: Sage Publications Ltd.