Chapter 43- Global Ecology & Conservation Biology By: Kenadi Browne, Candace Baltazar, Sidney Ching, & Taylor Kaszycki

The Three Levels of Biodiversity Genetic diversity Species diversity Ecosystem diversity Threats to biodiversity: Habitat loss Introduced Species Overharvesting Global change

Population Conservation A species can fall into an extinction vortex when it drops below its minimum viable population The declining-population approach and the small-population approach are used in conservation of species The effective population size is determined with the number of breeding females and breeding males.

Environment and Biodiversity Habitat fragmentation  decrease in biodiversity Biodiversity hot spots are also centers of extinction— zoned reserves help protect them Addressing regional conservation is more effective than single-species conservation

Environmental Change Environmental change that threatens biodiversity: Nutrient Enrichment Agriculture removes plant nutrients like nutrients in fertilizer can pollute groundwater and surface water Toxins in the environment Biological magnification happens where retained substances become more concentrated at each higher trophic level in the food chain Overall human activities such as burning wood and fossil fuel cause significant global warming and other climate change

Population Growth The human population is no longer growing exponentially but still increasing rapidly. The global human population has grown exponentially but within the last so years, the rate of growth has fallen by half. Some nations populations are growing rapidly of those other stable or declining size. The carrying capacity of Earth for humans is uncertain. Ecological footprint is the aggregate kind and water area needed to produce all the resources of a person or group of people consume and to absorb all of the resources of their wastes. It is to measure how close we are to the carrying capacity of Earth.

Sustainable Development economic development that meets the needs of people today without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their needs Costa Rica living conditions of the country improve as it pursues its conservation goals infant mortality rate, life expectancy literacy rate