The Dynamic Character of the Polar Solar Wind Bernard V. Jackson, Hsiu-Shan Yu, P. Paul Hick, and Andrew Buffington Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California at San Diego, LaJolla, CA, USA Bernie Bernie Title page: Bernard Jackson could not be present because he is giving another talk today at IAU Joint Discussion Session 16 in Rio de Janerio Hsiu-Shan http://smei.ucsd.edu/ http://ips.ucsd.edu/ Paul Andy

The Dynamic Character of the Polar Solar Wind Bernard V. Jackson, Hsiu-Shan Yu, P. Paul Hick, and Andrew Buffington Center for Astrophysics and Space Sciences, University of California at San Diego, LaJolla, CA, USA Bernie Title page: Bernard Jackson could not be present because he is giving another talk today at IAU Joint Discussion Session 16 in Rio de Janerio http://smei.ucsd.edu/ http://ips.ucsd.edu/

Introduction: Solar Jets: Coronagraph images: And other evidence for high-speed polar “dynamic” solar wind structure. Coronagraph images: Optical flow techniques used to measure coronagraph speeds. Characteristics of the dynamic flow: High speed patches, vs. brightness, C2 – COR2 comparisons. Averages with position angle and height. The mean value is the true solar wind speed.

MOTIVATION

Introduction: SDO AIA Image Comet Lovejoy (C/2011 W3)

Evidence of differing solar wind velocity at intermediate solar wind sizes: From the ACE in-situ data: Borovsky, J.E., J. Geophys. Res., 113, A08110

(from Shimojo and Tsuneta, 2009) Jet analysis: 07:14:48 07:14:48 07:18:48 07:22:48 (from Shimojo and Tsuneta, 2009)

2007 Sep 14 Hinode Jets in LASCO C2 ~420 kms-1 (plane of sky) Jet For the second step, we are going to trace this jet in coronagraphs. We can see lots of outward motion in the LASCO C2 movie. We know the location of the hinode jet. By direct measurement in successive difference images, we can obtain the elongation-time plot of the jet response. The jet response in C2 shows an outward speed of ~420 kms-1 on the sky plane. By extrapolation, this jet occurred on solar surface around the same time as the hinode jet. Jet Yu, H.-S., et al., 2013, Solar Wind 13. 8

2D Cross Correlation of LASCO C2 “Optical” Coronal Flow Yu, H.-S., et al., 2013, Solar Wind 13. 2007 SEP 14 08:30:04 – 08:06:04 Jackson, B.V., et al., 2013, Solar Wind 13. We also apply a 2D cross-correlation technique to successive C2 images to determine the speed of the jet. This image shows a C2 image overplot the speed correlation results at 2.8 Rs. The bright color means high speed. This images shows the summary plot of the jet speed along different azimuth angle and different height. The corona disturbance associated with the hinode jet moves at a speed higher than 400km/s. Jet Jet >400km/s 9

CORONAL FLOW OBSERVATIONS

High speed solar wind component. (Correlations limited to >0.5) COR2-A  High speed solar wind component. (~1.5 Rs x ~3º) LASCO C2 (Correlations limited to >0.5)

High speed solar wind component. (Correlations limited to >0.5) COR2-A  no correlations High speed solar wind component. (~1.5 Rs x ~3º) LASCO C2 (Correlations limited to >0.5)

COR2-A  LASCO C2 Brightness - high speed wind component. no correlations Brightness - high speed wind component. (~1.5 Rs x ~3º) LASCO C2 (Correlations limited to >0.5)

Comparison of Speed Structure and Brightness LASCO C2

Comparison of Speed Structure and Brightness COR2-A

CERTIFICATION

High speed solar wind component. (Correlations limited to >0.5) COR2-A  High speed solar wind component. (~1.5 Rs x ~3º) LASCO C2 (Correlations limited to >0.5)

High speed solar wind component. (Correlations limited to >0.5) Overlap region COR2-A COR 2A High speed solar wind component. (~1.5 Rs x ~3º) (Correlations limited to >0.5) LASCO C2

High speed solar wind component. (Correlations limited to >0.5) Overlap region COR2-A COR 2A High speed solar wind component. (~1.5 Rs x ~3º) LASCO C2 (Correlations limited to >0.5)

Comparison of Speed Structure C2 – COR2A Overlap

Comparison of Speed Structure C2 – COR2A Overlap

AVERAGES

Average speed with solar distance. 2007 Sept. 10 C2/COR2-A Average speed with solar distance.

Average speed with solar distance. 2007 Sept. 14 C2/COR2-A Average speed with solar distance.

Munro, R.H., and Jackson, B.V., 1977, Astrophys. J., 213, 874. C2/COR2-A

Munro, R.H., and Jackson, B.V., 1977, Astrophys. J., 213, 874. C2/COR2-A

Ulysses observations Polar velocity differences must decrease 2007 1996

Summary: The polar solar wind, especially near the solar surface, shows an extremely dynamic character - fast and slow. The polar solar wind dynamic character has a positive correlation between speed and brightness, especially near the solar surface. The same dynamic character can be shown in simultaneous images from both LASCO C2 and STEREO COR2 when these instruments are located near to one another. The averaged high and slow polar speed shows an increase with height more distant from the Sun over the solar poles that trends toward the speed of the flow measured in Ulysses polar observations.