BY: MAKAYLA, JONATHAN AND COURTNEY POLYMERS BY: MAKAYLA, JONATHAN AND COURTNEY

What is a Polymer? A polymer is a substance which has a large molecular mass made up of many fundamental building block molecules known as Monomers. Monomers can bond to each other on either side, in theory, forever. https://galaxact.wordpress.com/2015/03/17/classification-of-polymers-and-monomers/

General Structure : Addition Polymers In this formula, W, X, Y, and Z could be another substance including hydrogen atoms, halogen atoms (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, etc.), alkyl group, or other carbon containing side chains. The majority of addition polymers consist of monomers containing a double bond between carbons.

General Structure: Condensation Polymers Condensation polymers are made up of two separate groups of atoms, which can join together to form different links, such as ester or amide links (Polyesters, Polyamides).

How to Name Polymers Add the Prefix Poly- to the alkene family chain. For example: How to Name Polymers CH2=CH2 → ( CH2-CH ) . Ethene Polyethylene Poly: From Greek word Polus or Polloi meaning “many” or “much” or “more than one”

Example of naming structures **Note that Polyethylene is not an alkene, the double bonds break to form single covalent bonds to attach to the monomers on both sides.

Everyday Use of Polymers Polyethylene (C2H4)n→ Plastic bags and bottles Polypropene (C3H6)n→ Crates and Ropes Polychloroethene (Polyvinyl chloride) (C2H3Cl)n→ Water pipes, Electrical wires and Insulation. Polyethylene Terephthalate (C10H8O4)n → Yarns and Fabrics

Prepared by the reaction of Alkene monomers, in a 3 step process. Addition Polymers An initiator molecule attaches to an alkene monomer, creating a reactive site, which allows the new attachment to bond with another, creating a polymer.

Initiation A substance is split into two identical parts leaving two free electrons to bond with other molecules. Commonly in Peroxides, or O-O bonds. These free parts are called Free Radicals

Propagation When the Free Radical attaches to an alkene monomer, it generates a reactive site in the double bond between carbons. Another electron is freed, making room for another bond, to another carbon within a monomer. It causes a chain reaction as it bonds with more and even more monomers.

Termination A chain growth can be stopped when two free radicals combine, allowing for no more freed electrons, and thus, no more bonds.

http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Addition_Polymers.htm

http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Addition_Polymers.htm

http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Addition_Polymers.htm

Condensation Polymers http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/402condensepolymers.html Condensation Polymers Such as Polyesters begin formation just as a simple Ester normally would, except the alcohol and acid monomer units become reactive. Ex: Polyethylene Terephthalate

Polymides Are polymers synthesized from the same reactions used to make simple amides. But the repeating units are alternating.

Ionic Polymerization Though Anions (-), cations (+) and free radicals can be used to initiate a reaction, they are not interchangeable. It depends on the monomers polarity and charge, whether or not it’ll take to any of them to fully polymerize.

Sources: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/science/aqa/substancesfromcrudeoil/polymersandethanolre v2.shtml http://preparatorychemistry.com/Bishop_Addition_Polymers.htm http://chemistry.elmhurst.edu/vchembook/402condensepolymers.html http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-642-38730-2_8#page-1 Organic Chemistry- page 1069, Chapter 23- Synthetic Polymers