Medical Terminology Essentials – Chapter 15 The Endocrine System Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Objectives After studying this chapter, you will be able to: Name the parts of the endocrine system Discuss the function of each part Define combining forms relate to the endocrine system Define the major signs, symptoms and diseases. Name the common diagnostic procedures medical and surgical terms. Explain the meaning of common drug categories

Structure and Function The Endocrine System Consists of: hormones secrete into bloodstream to glands target tissues

Structure and Function The Endocrine System is ductless The Endocrine System produces hormones that are released directly into the bloodstream Hormones are chemicals that regulate specific body functions

Structure and Function The hormones in the endocrine system keep the body in homeostasis (balance) Hormones function by a key-in-the-lock system. Each hormone acts only on a specific organ or organ system Where specific receptor sites accept the hormone

Structure and Function Hypothalamus located in the brain just below the thalamus functions as part of the endocrine system and the nervous system Secretes substances that stimulate or inhibit the secretion of hormones produced by the anterior pituitary gland.

Structure and Function Pituitary Gland often called the master gland location: in the base of the brain Made up of two glands: anterior pituitary gland and posterior pituitary gland.

Structure and Function Anterior Pituitary Posterior Pituitary TSH – thyroid stimulating hormone FSH – follicle stimulating hormone LH – luteinizing hormone Prolactin GH – growth hormone Oxytocin ADH – antidiuretic hormone

Structure and Function Thyroid Gland Location: in the neck on either side of and across the surface of the trachea Hormones produced and functions: T3 – triiodothyronine – increases rate of cellular metabolism T4 – thyroxine

Structure and Function Parathyroid Gland Location: four round bodies on the posterior side of the thyroid gland Hormone: Parathyroid hormone – regulates level of calcium in the blood & removes Ca from bone and deposits it in the blood

Structure and Function Pancreas Location: LUQ posterior to the stomach hormones produced and function: Glucagon – breaks down glycogen into glucose Insulin is secreted when blood glucose is high transports glucose to & into the cell

Structure and Function Adrenal Gland Location: on top of each kidney Consists of two parts outer part or cortex inner part or medulla Hormones secreted by the adrenal gland include: aldosterone cortisol or hydrocortisone androgens epinephrine or adrenaline norepinephrine or noradrenaline

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning Acr (o) aden(o) adren(o) Andr (o) Calc (i) Congenit (o) Crin (o) Dem (o) extremities gland adrenal glands male calcium Present at birth secrete population

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning dextr(o) diabet(o) dips(o) gonad(o) gluco(o); glyc(o) ket(o) lact(o) right diabetes thirst Sex glands, gonads glucose ketones milk

Combining Forms Combining Form Meaning breast mast(o) ox(y) pancreat(o) somat(o) toxic(o) thym(o) thyr(o); thyroid(o) troph(o) Trop(o) breast oxygen pancreas body Toxic, poison thymus thyroid development stimulating

Pathological Terms gigantism excessive generalized growth due to hypersecretion of somatotropin before puberty Acromegaly Enlargement of face, due to hypersecretion of growth hormone after puberty. dwarfism stunted growth due to hyposecretion of growth hormone Diabetes Insipidus Excessive urine output d/t hyposecretion of ADH (anti-diuretic hormone)

Pathological Terms goiter Enlargement of the thyroid due to lack of iodine in diet Grave’s disease Hyperthyroid disease (often autoimmune) exophthalmos Protruding eyes – often a symptome of Graves disease Myxedema Hypothyroid disease - deficiency of thyroid hormone

Pathological Terms cretinism Mental retardation of a baby born to a mother with myxedema Hypercalcemia Excessive calcium in the blood Hypocalcemia Deficiency of calcium in the blood Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Underproduction of or resistance to insulin.

Pathological Terms hyperglycemia Excessive glucose levels in the blood hypoglycemia Deficiency of glucose in the blood Glycosuria Glucose in the urine Polyuria Excessive urination Polydipsia Excessive thirst Polyphagia Excessive hunger

Pathological Terms neuropathy Disease of the nerves nephropathy Disease of the kidneys retinopathy Disease of the retina of the eye Cushing’s syndrome A group of symptoms due to hyper-secretion of the adrenal glands Addison’s disease A group of symptoms due to the hypo-secretion of the adrenal glands

Pathological Terms virilism appearance of mature male characteristics in a young males or females hirsutism male pattern hair growth on young males or females hypersecretion Excessive secretion hyposecretion Deficient secretion inhibition To prevent, stop or control receptor Part of a target cell with properties compatible with a hormone

Medical & Surgical Terms ADA diet   American Diabetes Association diet – low in carbohydrates and fat, moderate protein fine needle biopsy Small piece of tissue removed with a needle to test for cancer thyroidectomy Surgical removal of the thyroid

Drug Categories Anti-diabetic drugs Medications that help the cell use the insulin that is available – oral agents Anti-thyroid drugs Drugs that reduce the amount of thyroid hormone produced – I131 - PTU insulin   Hormone produced by the beta cells of the pancreas thyroid replacement drugs Drugs that supplement thyroid hormone production - Synthroid

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