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Learning Goals What is team process, and how does it relate to process gain and process loss? What are taskwork processes, and what are some examples of team activities that fall into this process category? What are teamwork processes, and what are some examples of team activities that fall into this process category? What are team states, and what are some examples of the states that fall into this process category? How do team processes affect team performance and team commitment? What steps can organizations take to improve team processes?

Team Processes Team process Team characteristics, like member diversity, task interdependence, team size, and so forth, affect team processes. Team processes, in turn, have a strong impact on team effectiveness.

Team Value Process gain Process loss OB on Screen 300

Process Loss Coordination loss Motivational loss Social loafing Production blocking Motivational loss Social loafing

Taskwork Processes Taskwork processes When teams engage in creative behavior, their activities are focused on generating novel and useful ideas and solutions. Brainstorming Nominal group technique

IDEO’s Secrets for Brainstorming Table 12-1

Taskwork Processes, Cont’d Decision Making Decision informity Staff validity Hierarchical sensitivity

Taskwork Processes, Cont’d Boundary Spanning Ambassador activities Task coordinator activities Scout activities

Taskwork Processes Figure 12-1

Discussion Questions Think of a team you worked in that performed exceptionally well. What type of taskwork process did the team engage in? Which teamwork processes did the team seem to depend on most to produce the exceptional results?

Teamwork Processes Teamwork processes Behaviors that create the setting or context in which taskwork can be carried out. Transition processes, action processes, interpersonal processes

Teamwork Processes, Cont’d Transition processes Action processes

Teamwork Processes, Cont’d Interpersonal processes Motivating and confidence building Conflict management Relationship conflict Task conflict

Teamwork Processes Figure 12-2

Team States Team states Cohesion, potency, mental models, transactive memory

Team States, Cont’d Cohesion Groupthink Avoid too much cohesion by assessing the team’s cohesion, and appointing a devil’s advocate.

Team States, Cont’d Potency High potency, members are confident that their team can perform well, and as a consequence, they focus more of their energy on achieving team goals. Team members’ confidence in their own capabilities, their trust in other members’ capabilities, and feedback about past performance play a role in developing high potency.

Team States, Cont’d Mental models Transactive memory

Team States Figure 12-3

Why Are Some Teams More than the Sum of Their Parts? Figure 12-4

Importance of Team Processes Teamwork processes have a moderate positive relationship with team performance. Teamwork processes have a strong positive relationship with team commitment. People tend to be satisfied in teams in which there are effective interpersonal interactions.

Effects of Teamwork Process on Performance and Commitment Figure 12-5

Training Teams Transportable teamwork competences Trainees can transport what they learn about teamwork from one team context and apply it in another.

Examples of Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities for Teamwork Table 12-2

Training Teams, Cont’d Cross-training Personal clarification Positional modeling Positional rotation

Training Teams, Cont’d Team process training Action learning A second type of team process training involves experience in a team context when there are task demands that highlight the importance of effective teamwork processes.

Training Teams, Cont’d Team building Team building is most likely to have positive effects for smaller teams and when the exercise emphasizes the importance of clarifying role responsibilities.

Takeaways Team process reflects the different types of activities and interactions that occur within teams and contribute to their ultimate end goals. When teams have process gain, they become more than the sum of their parts through interactions that create synergy among members. When teams have process loss, they become less than the sum of their parts through interactions that create inefficiencies between members. Taskwork processes are the activities of team members that relate directly to the accomplishment of team tasks. Taskwork processes include creative behavior, decision making, and boundary spanning.

Takeaways, Cont’d Teamwork processes refer to the interpersonal activities that facilitate the accomplishment of the team’s work but do not directly involve task accomplishment itself. Teamwork processes include transition processes, action processes, and interpersonal processes. Team states refer to specific types of feelings and thoughts that coalesce in the minds of team members as a consequence of their experience working together. Team states include cohesion, potency, mental models, and transactive memory.

Takeaways, Cont’d Teamwork processes have a moderate positive relationship with team performance and a strong positive relationship with team commitment. Organizations can use training interventions to improve team processes. Such interventions may include training in transportable teamwork competencies, crosstraining, team process training, and team building.