Figure 1. Average water use for residential users in the U. S Figure 1. Average water use for residential users in the U.S. and Canada Source: Adapted from AWWA (1999), 1,188 households in 12 U.S. and Canadian cities

Figure 2. Distribution of residential daily water use Sources: USA: AWWA (1999); Jordan: Griffin (2005), 308,000 customers

Figure 3. Average residential water use in various U. S Figure 3. Average residential water use in various U.S. cities and foreign countries Sources: Vickers (2001), p. 13; Hussien (2002); Jayyoussi (1998)

Figure 4. Hourly variation in water use Percent of Average Day Time of Day Source: Linsley et al (1992), p. 505.

Table 1. Water use factors for different land uses in San Francisco, CA

Figure 5. Parcel Map for Logan City (200–300 W 200-300 S) Source: Cache County (2012).

Table 2. Ordinary least squares regression results for 101 customers’ water use in Denton, Texas, 1976 – 1980

Table 3. Typical Hardware Costs and Flow Rates for Water Conserving Technologies

Table 4. Comparison of different methods to estimate water demands Advantages Disadvantages Population-based forecasting Estimate both current and future water use Simple, easy to calculate Uses average values Requires understanding of future trends Land-use based forecasts Can spatially disaggregate use GIS software to help Need to estimate water-use factors for each land type How to project future land use? Econometric regression Typical economist approach Can test or refute hypothesis Outputs elasticity associated with each explanatory factor Requires large household dataset Explanatory variables often confounded, including water price under block rate structures Difficult to account for conservation