Introduction to VLSI ASIC Design and Technology

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Presentation transcript:

Introduction to VLSI ASIC Design and Technology Sagi Zalcman Ben Gurion university Introduction

Introduction 1906 1947 Audion (Triode), 1906 Lee De Forest First point contact transistor (germanium), 1947 John Bardeen and Walter Brattain Bell Laboratories Introduction

Introduction 1958 1997 First integrated circuit (germanium), 1958 Jack S. Kilby, Texas Instruments Contained five components, three types: transistors resistors and capacitors Intel Pentium II, 1997 Clock: 233MHz Number of transistors: 7.5 M Gate Length: 0.35 Introduction

“The world is digital…?” ייצוג אנלוגי של מספרים בייצוג אנלוגי יש קשר רציף בין הנתון לגודל המייצג (לדוגמה קשר מונוטוני עולה) כול גודל פיסיקלי ניתן לייצוג מספרי ללא פגיעה בדיוק יתרונות פשוט ליצור נושא הרבה אינפורמציה חסרונות רגיש להפרעות – לא אמין -> חוסר דיוק מצריך מערכות מסובכות לקריאה וכתיבה לרכיב דוגמה לייצוג אנלוגי – שעון מחוגים המחוגים מראים את השעה בדיוק גבוהה מאשר שעון דיגיטלי אבל מנגנון השעון לא אמין מספיק והעיניים שלנו מתקשות לראות בדיוק את השעה המדויקת Introduction

האם יש שימוש ברכיבים אנלוגיים Introduction

שימוש ברכיבים אנלוגיים Amplification of very week signals A/D and D/A conversion RF communications Very high frequency amplification and signal processing As digital systems become faster and faster and circuit densities increase: “Analogue” phenomena are becoming important in digital systems Introduction

מעבר מאנלוגי לדיגיטלי 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1 5 . 8828125 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/64 אפשר לייצג כול דיוק שנרצה ע"י מספר ביטים ככול שנקצה יותר ביטים כך הדיוק יגדל לדוגמא : 4 2 1 1/2 1/4 1/8 1/16 1/32 1/64 1/128 1 5 . 8828125 יצרנו מספר עד גודל של 1/128 - 8 עם דיוק של עד 1/128 Introduction

“Moore’s Law” The number of transistors that can be integrated on a single IC grows exponentially with time. “Integration complexity doubles every three years” Gordon Moore Fairchild Corporation - 1965 Introduction

Trends in transistor count 42 M transistors Number of transistors doubles every 2.3 years (acceleration over the last 4 years: 1.5 years) Increase: ~20K 2.25 K transistors (From: http://www.intel.com) Introduction

Trends in clock frequency 2 GHz Intel Labs Sub-ps switching transistor mP clock > 20 GHz Gate length: 20nm Gate oxide: 3 atomic layers In production: 2007 ! . Introduction

Trends in feature size 0.13 mm in production Intel Labs Sub-ps switching transistor mP clock > 20 GHz Gate length: 20nm Gate oxide: 3 atomic layers In production: 2007 ! 0.13 mm in production Introduction

Driving force: Economics (1) Traditionally, the cost/function in an IC is reduced by 25% to 30% a year. To achieve this, the number of functions/IC has to be increased. This demands for: Increase of the transistor count Decrease of the feature size (contains the area increase and improves performance) Increase of the clock speed Introduction

Driving force: Economics (2) Increase productivity: Increase equipment throughput Increase manufacturing yields Increase the number of chips on a wafer: reduce the area of the chip: smaller feature size & redesign Use the largest wafer size available Example of a cost effective product (typically DRAM): the initial IC area is reduced to 50% after 3 years and to 35% after 6 years. Introduction

“Is there a limit?” Silicon lattice constant: 5.42 A Gate oxide: 1.2 nm  3 Si atomic layers! Introduction

Design abstraction levels Introduction

ASIC Application-Specific Integrated Circuit Introduction

ASIC – מסכות 1 2 3 4 5 6 Introduction

CPLD CPLD - Complex Programmable Logic Device PLA PAL Programmable Logic Array PAL Programmable Array Logic device Introduction

CPLD -מבנה יתרונות – מהיר מאוד צריכת חשמל נמוכה צפיפות שערים גדולה חסרונות – לא מאפשר תכנון גמיש חסר חלוקה לרמות Introduction

מבנה - FPGA junction slice Introduction

Slice in FPGA Introduction

FPGA I/O LUT FF control junction Introduction

FPGA FPGA : Field Programmable Gate Array A B C D OUT Introduction

HDL - Hardware Description Language VHDL Very high Hardware Description Language VERILOG Introduction